- Qbs Manual
- Language Introduction
- Qbs 2.6.0

Usage ◦ Building Applications

# Language Introduction

Qbs uses project files (*.qbs) to describe the contents of a project. A project contains one or more products. A product is the target of a build process, typically an application, library or maybe a tar ball.

Note: Qbs source files are assumed to be UTF-8 encoded.

## The Obligatory Hello World Example

Qbs project files are written using a QML dialect. A very simple C++ hello world project looks like this:

     ---helloworld.qbs---
     Application {
         name: "helloworld"
         files: "main.cpp"
         Depends { name: "cpp" }
     }

Application describes the product we want to build. In this case, an application. This is just a shortcut for writing

     Product {
         type: "application"
         // ...
     }

The name is the name of the product. In this case it is also the name of the produced executable (on Windows, the ".exe" extension is added by default).

In the property files, we specify the source files for our product. Unlike QML, the right-hand side can be either a string or a string list. A single string is converted to a stringlist containing just one element. So we could have also written

     files: [ "main.cpp" ]

Depends adds the dependency to the cpp module. This is necessary to let Qbs know that we have a C++ project and want to compile main.cpp with a C++ compiler. For more information about Qbs modules, see Modules.

## Reusing Project File Code

QML-like inheritance works also in Qbs.

     ---CrazyProduct.qbs---
     Product {
         property string craziness: "low"

         files: [
             "Crazy.h",
             "Crazy.cpp"
         ]
     }

     ---hellocrazyworld.qbs---
     import "CrazyProduct.qbs" as CrazyProduct

     CrazyProduct {
         craziness: "enormous"
         name: "hellocrazyworld"
         files: base.concat(["main.cpp"])
         // ...
     }

You can put JS code into separate `.js` files and then import them.

     ---helpers.js---
     function planetsCorrectlyAligned()
     {
         // implementation
     }

     ---myproject.qbs---
     import "helpers.js" as Helpers

     Product {
         name: "myproject"
         Group {
             condition: Helpers.planetsCorrectlyAligned()
             file: "magic_hack.cpp"
         }
         // ...
     }

See Special Property Values for more details about the base property.

## Modules

A module is a collection of properties and language items that are used for building a product if the product depends on (or loads) the module.

For example, the cpp module looks like this (simplified):

     Module {
         name: "cpp"
         property string warningLevel
         property string optimization
         property bool debugInformation
         property pathList includePaths
         // ...
         FileTagger {
             patterns: "*.cpp"
             fileTags: ["cpp"]
         }
         Rule {...}  // compiler
         Rule {...}  // application linker
         Rule {...}  // static lib linker
         Rule {...}  // dynamic lib linker
     }

The properties that can be set for the cpp module are used to control the behavior of your C++ toolchain. In addition, you can use FileTaggers and Rules that are explained later.

As soon as your product depends on a module, it can set the properties of the module. You specify the optimization level for your product (and all build variants) like this:

     Application {
         name: "helloworld"
         files: ["main.cpp"]
         cpp.optimization: "ludicrousSpeed"
         Depends { name: "cpp" }
     }

A module can depend on other modules. For example, the Qt.core module depends on the cpp module. The module dependencies are transitive, i.e. in a Product, all dependent modules are accessible:

     Application {
         name: "helloworld"
         files: ["main.cpp"]
         Depends { name: "Qt.core" }
         // the "cpp" module is available since
         // "Qt.core" depends on "cpp".
         cpp.optimization: "ludicrousSpeed"
     }

### Different Properties for a Single File

Not only the product, but all the source files of the product can have their own set of module properties. For example, assume you have some files that are known to crash your compiler if you turn on optimizations. You want to turn off optimizations for just these files and this is how you do it:

     Application {
         name: "helloworld"
         files: "main.cpp"
         Group {
             files: ["bad_file.cpp", "other_bad_file.cpp"]
             cpp.optimization: "none"
         }
         Depends { name: "cpp" }
     }

### Selecting Files by Properties

Sometimes you have a file that is only going to be compiled on a certain platform. This is how you do it:

     Group {
         condition: qbs.targetOS.includes("windows")
         files: [
             "harddiskdeleter_win.cpp",
             "blowupmonitor_win.cpp",
             "setkeyboardonfire_win.cpp"
         ]
     }
     Group {
         condition: qbs.targetOS.includes("linux")
         files: [
             "harddiskdeleter_linux.cpp",
             "blowupmonitor_linux.cpp",
             "setkeyboardonfire_linux.cpp"
         ]
     }

In the above example, qbs.targetOS is a property of the target of the the qbs module. The `qbs` module is always implicitly loaded. Its main properties are:

- buildVariant that specifies the name of the build variant for the current build.
- targetOS that specifies the operating system you want to build the project for.

You can set these properties on the command line or by using a profile.

     $ qbs                             # qbs.buildVariant:debug, profile:<default profile> (or profile:none, if no default profile exists)
     $ qbs config:release              # qbs.buildVariant:release, profile:<default profile>
     $ qbs config:debug config:release # builds two configurations of the project
     $ qbs profile:none                # all module properties have their default values

To select files by build variant:

     Group {
         condition: qbs.buildVariant == "debug"
         files: "debughelper.cpp"
     }

To set properties for a build variant:

     Properties {
         condition: qbs.buildVariant == "debug"
         cpp.debugInformation: true
         cpp.optimization: "none"
     }

Or, to use a more QML-like style:

     cpp.debugInformation: qbs.buildVariant == "debug" ? true : false
     cpp.optimization: qbs.buildVariant == "debug" ? "none" : "fast"

## Property Types

While properties in Qbs generally work the same way as in QML, the set of possible property types has been adapted to reflect the specific needs of a build tool. The supported types are as follows:

Property type | Example | Description
--- | --- | ---
`bool` | `property bool someBoolean: false` | The usual boolean values.
`int` | `property int theAnswer: 42` | Integral numbers.
`path` | `property path aFile: "file.txt"` | File paths resolved relative to the directory the product they are associated with is located in.
`pathList` | `property pathList twoFiles: ["file1.txt", "./file2.txt"]` | A list of `path` values.
`string` | `property string parentalAdvisory: "explicit lyrics"` | JavaScript strings.
`stringList` | `property stringList realWorldExample: ["no", "not really"]` | A list of JavaScript strings.
`var` | `property var aMap: ({ key1: "value1", key2: "value2" })` | Generic data, as in QML.
`varList` | `property var aMapList: [{ key1: "value1", key2: "value2" }, { key1: "value3" }]` | A list of generic data, typically JavaScript objects.

## Overriding Property Values from the Command Line

Property values set in project files or profiles can be overridden on the command line. The syntax is `<prefix>.<prop-name>:<prop-value>`. The following command lines demonstrate how to set different kinds of properties:

     $ qbs projects.someProject.projectProperty:false          # set a property of a project
     $ qbs products.someProduct.productProperty:false          # set a property of a product
     $ qbs modules.cpp.treatWarningsAsErrors:true              # set a module property for all products
     $ qbs products.someProduct.cpp.treatWarningsAsErrors:true # set a module property for one product

Property values on the command line can also be expressed in JavaScript form, the same way as you would write them in a project file. Make sure to take care of proper quoting, so that the shell does not interpret any of the values itself. Properties of type `stringList` can also be provided as comma-separated values, if none of the strings contain special characters:

     $ qbs projects.someProject.listProp:'["a", "b", "c"]'
     $ qbs projects.someProject.listProp:a,b,c               # same as above
     $ qbs projects.someProject.listProp:'["a b", "c"]'      # no CSV equivalent

## File Tags and Taggers

Qbs itself knows nothing about C++ files or file extensions. All source files in a product are handled equally. However, you can assign file tags to an artifact to act as a marker or to specify a file type.

An artifact can have multiple file tags. For example, you can use the Group item to group files with the same file tags (or a set of properties).

     Product {
         Group {
             files: ["file1.cpp", "file2.cpp"]
             fileTags: ["cpp"]
         }
         Group {
             files: "mydsl_scanner.l"
             fileTags: ["flex", "foobar"]
         }
         // ...
     }

When you load the cpp module, you also load the following item:

     FileTagger {
         patterns: "*.cpp"
         fileTags: ["cpp"]
     }

This construct means that each source file that matches the pattern `*.cpp` (and has not explicitly set a file tag) gets the file tag `cpp`.

The above example can be simplified to

     Product {
         Depends: "cpp"
         files: ["file1.cpp", "file2.cpp"]
         Group {
             files: "mydsl_scanner.l"
             fileTags: ["flex", "foobar"]
         }
         // ...
     }

The FileTagger from the cpp module automatically assigns the `cpp` file tag to the source files. Groups that just contain the files property can be more simply expressed by using the files property of the product.

File tags are used by rules to transform one type of artifact into another. For instance, the C++ compiler rule transforms artifacts with the file tag `cpp` to artifacts with the file tag `obj`.

In addition, it is possible to use file taggers to tag files and specify custom file tags:

     Product {
         Depends: "cpp"
         Group {
             overrideTags: false     // The overrideTags property defaults to true.
             fileTags: ["foobar"]
             files: ["main.cpp"]     // Gets the file tag "cpp" through a FileTagger item and
                                     // "foobar" from this group's fileTags property.
         }
         // ...
     }

## Rules

Qbs applies a rule to a pool of artifacts (in the beginning it is just the set of source files of the project) and chooses the ones that match the input file tags specified by the rule. Then it creates output artifacts in the build graph that have other filenames and file tags. It also creates a script that transforms the input artifacts into the output artifacts. Artifacts created by one rule can (and typically do) serve as inputs to another rule. In this way, rules are connected to one another via their input and output file tags.

For examples of rules, see the share/qbs/modules directory in the Qbs repository.

You can define rules in your own module to be provided along with your project. Or you can put a rule directly into your project file.

For more information, see Rule.