Qt 5.11 | Qt for Embedded Linux

Qt 5.11.3 Reference Documentation

# Qt for Embedded Linux

Since the Qt 5.0 release, Qt no longer contains its own window system (QWS) implementation. For single-process use cases, the Qt Platform Abstraction is a superior solution. Multiple graphical processes can be supported through Wayland.

There are multiple platform plugins that are potentially usable on Embedded Linux systems: EGLFS, LinuxFB, DirectFB, Wayland. The availability of these depend on the configuration of Qt. On many boards eglfs is chosen as the default one. If the default is not suitable, the `QT_QPA_PLATFORM` environment variable parameter can be used to request another plugin. Alternatively, for quick tests, the `-platform` command-line can be used with the same syntax.

## Configuring a Specific Device

Building Qt for a given device requires a toolchain and a sysroot. Additionally, some devices require vendor-specific adaptation code for EGL and OpenGL ES 2.0 support. This is not relevant for non-accelerated platforms, for example the ones using the LinuxFB plugin, which is meant for software-based rendering only.

The directory qtbase/mkspecs/devices contains configuration and graphics adaptation code for a number of devices. For example, the `linux-rasp-pi2-g++` mkspec contains build settings such as the optimal compiler and linker flags for the Raspberry Pi 2 device. The mkspec also contains information about either an implementation of the eglfs hooks (vendor-specific adaptation code), or a reference to the suitable eglfs device integration plugin. The device is selected through the configure tool's `-device` parameter. The name that follows after this argument must, at least partially, match one of the subdirectories under devices.

The following is an example configuration for the Raspberry Pi 2. For most Embedded Linux boards, the configure command looks similar:

      ./configure -release -opengl es2 -device linux-rasp-pi2-g++ -device-option CROSS_COMPILE=$TOOLCHAIN/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf- -sysroot $ROOTFS -prefix /usr/local/qt5

The most important parameters are `-device` and `-sysroot`. By specifying `-sysroot`, the include files and libraries used by `configure`'s feature detection tests, as well as Qt itself, is taken from the specified location, instead of the host PC's standard locations. This means that installing development packages on the host machine has no relevance. For example, to get `libinput` support it is not sufficient or necessary to have the `libinput` development headers and libraries installed on the host environment. Instead, the headers and the libraries for the target architecture (e.g. ARM) must be present in the `sysroot`.

`pkg-config` is supported also when performing cross-compilation. `configure` automatically sets `PKG_CONFIG_LIBDIR` to make `pkg-config` report compiler and linker settings based on the `sysroot` instead of the host machine. This usually functions well without any further adjustments. However, environment variables such as `PKG_CONFIG_PATH` must be unset for the host machine before running `configure`. Otherwise, the Qt build may attempt to use inappropriate headers and libraries from the host system.

Specifying `-sysroot` results in automatically setting the `--sysroot` argument when invoking the compiler. In some cases this is not desirable and can be disabled by passing `-no-gcc-sysroot` to `configure`.

`-prefix`, `-extprefix` and `-hostprefix` control the intended destination directory of the Qt build. In the above example the ARM build of Qt is expected to be placed in `/usr/local/qt5` on the target device. Note that running `make install` does not deploy anything to the device. Instead, the `install` step targets the directory specified by `extprefix` which defaults to `sysroot` + `prefix` and is therefore optional. However, in many cases "polluting" the sysroot is not desirable and thus specifying `-extprefix` becomes important. Finally, `-hostprefix` allows separating host tools like qmake, rcc, uic from the binaries for the target. When given, such tools will be installed under the specified directory instead of `extprefix`.

See Qt Configure Options for more information.

## Platform Plugins for Embedded Linux Devices

### EGLFS

EGL is an interface between OpenGL and the native windowing system. Qt can use EGL for context and surface management, however the API contains no platform-specifics: The creation of a native window (which will not necessarily be an actual window on the screen) must still be done by platform-specific means. Hence the need for the board or GPU-specific adaptation code. Such adaptations are provided either as eglfs hooks, which can be a single source file compiled into the platform plugin, or as dynamically loaded EGL device integration plugins.

EGLFS is a platform plugin for running Qt5 applications on top of EGL and OpenGL ES 2.0 without an actual windowing system (like X11 or Wayland). In addition to Qt Quick 2 and native OpenGL applications, it supports software-rendered windows (for example QWidget) too. In the latter case the widgets' contents are rendered using the CPU into images, which are then uploaded into textures and composited by the plugin.

This is the recommended plugin for modern Embedded Linux devices that include a GPU.

EGLFS forces the first top-level window (be it either a QWidget or a QQuickView) to become fullscreen. This window is also chosen to be the root widget window into which all other top-level widgets (for example dialogs, popup menus or combobox dropdowns) are composited. This is necessary because with EGLFS there is always exactly one native window and EGL window surface, and these belong to the widget or window that is created first. This approach works well when there is a main window that exists for the entire lifetime of the application and all other widgets are either non top-levels or are created afterwards, once the main window is shown.

There are further restrictions for OpenGL-based windows. As of Qt 5.3, `eglfs` supports a single fullscreen GL window (for example, an OpenGL-based QWindow, a QQuickView or a QGLWidget). Opening additional OpenGL windows or mixing such windows with QWidget-based content is not supported and terminates the application with an error message.

If necessary, `eglfs` can be configured using the following environment variables:

- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_INTEGRATION` - In addition to the compiled-in hooks, it is also possible to provide device or vendor-specific adaptation in the form of dynamically loaded plugins. This environment variable enforces a specific plugin. For example, setting it to eglfs_kms uses the KMS/DRM backend. This is only an option when no static or compiled-in hooks were specified in the device makespecs. In practice, the traditional compiled-in hooks are rarely used, almost all backends are now migrated to plugins. The device makespecs still contain a relevant `EGLFS_DEVICE_INTEGRATION` entry: the name of the preferred backend for that particular device. This is optional, but very useful to avoid the need to set this environment variable in case there are more than one plugins present in the target system. In a desktop environment the KMS or X11 backends are prioritized, depending on the presence of the `DISPLAY` environment variable. Note that on some boards the special value of `none` is used instead of an actual plugin. This indicates that no special integration is necessary to use EGL with the framebuffer and so no plugins must be loaded.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_PHYSICAL_WIDTH` and `QT_QPA_EGLFS_PHYSICAL_HEIGHT` - Physical screen width and height in millimeters. On platforms where the value cannot be queried from the framebuffer device /dev/fb0 or via other means, a default DPI of 100 is used. This variable can be used to override any such defaults. Setting this is important because QWidget or Qt Quick Controls based applications rely on these values. Running with the hard-coded settings may result in user interface element sizes unsuitable for the display in use.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_ROTATION` - Specifies the rotation applied to software-rendered content in QWidget-based applications. Supported values are 180, 90, and -90. This does not apply to OpenGL-based windows, including Qt Quick. Qt Quick applications can apply transformations in their QML scene instead. The standard eglfs mouse cursor always takes the value into account, with appropriately positioned and rotated pointer image, regardless of the application type. The special cursor implementations, such as the KMS/DRM backend's hardware cursor, may not support rotation.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_FORCEVSYNC` - When set, `eglfs` requests `FBIO_WAITFORVSYNC` on the framebuffer device after each call to eglSwapBuffers(). This is only relevant for backends relying on the legacy `fbdev` subsystem of Linux. Normally, with a default swap interval of 1, Qt assumes that calling eglSwapBuffers() takes care of vsync; if it doesn't (for example, due to driver bugs), try setting `QT_QPA_EGLFS_FORCEVSYNC` to a non-zero value.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_FORCE888` - When set, the red, green, and blue color channel sizes are ignored whenever creating a new context, window or offscreen surface. Instead, the plugin requests a configuration with 8 bits per channel. This can be helpful on devices where configurations with less than 32 or 24 bits per pixel (for example, 5-6-5 or 4-4-4) are chosen by default but are known not to be ideal, for example, due to banding effects. Instead of changing application code, this variable provides an easier shortcut to force 24 or 32 bpp configurations.

In addition, the following - less commonly used - variables are available as well:

- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_FB` - Overrides the framebuffer device. The default is `/dev/fb0`. On most embedded platforms this is not very relevant because the framebuffer is used only for querying settings like the display dimensions. On certain devices however, this parameter provides the ability to specify the display to be used in multiple display setups, similarly to the `fb` parameter in LinuxFB.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_WIDTH` and `QT_QPA_EGLFS_HEIGHT` - Contain the screen width and height in pixels. While `eglfs` tries to determine the dimensions from the framebuffer device /dev/fb0, but this does not work always and manually specifying the sizes may become necessary.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_DEPTH` - Overrides the color depth for the screen. On platforms where the framebuffer device /dev/fb0 is not available or the query is not successful, the default of `32` is used. This variable can be used to override any such defaults. Note that this affects only the color depth value reported by QScreen. It has no connection to EGL configurations and the color depth used for OpenGL rendering.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_SWAPINTERVAL` - By default a swap interval of `1` will be requested. This enables synchronizing to the displays vertical refresh. The value can be overridden with this environment variable. For instance, passing 0 will disable blocking on swap, resulting in running as fast as possible without any synchronization.
- `QT_QPA_EGLFS_DEBUG` - When set, some debugging information is printed on the debug output. For example, the input QSurfaceFormat and the properties of the chosen EGL configuration are printed while creating a new context. Together with Qt Quick's `QSG_INFO` variable, this can provide useful information for troubleshooting issues related to the EGL configuration.

In addition to `QT_QPA_EGLFS_DEBUG`, `eglfs` also supports the more modern categorized logging system of Qt. The following logging categories are available:

- `qt.qpa.egldeviceintegration` – Enables logging for dynamically loaded backends. Very useful to check what backend is in use.
- `qt.qpa.input` – Enables debug output both from the `evdev` and `libinput` input handlers. Very useful to check if a given input device was recognized and opened.
- `qt.qpa.eglfs.kms` – Enables verbose logging in the KMS/DRM backend.

After running `configure`, make sure to inspect the output of it. Not having the necessary eglfs backend, libudev, or libinput enabled due to the corresponding configure tests failing are fairly common issues that can be easily and quickly recognized this way. When there is an undesired "no" result, run `configure` with `-v` to turn on verbose output in order to see the compiler and linker invocations for each configure test.

Note: Errors about missing headers, libraries or seemingly cryptic linker failures are often a sign of an incomplete or broken sysroot and have nothing to do with and cannot be solved by Qt.

As an example, when targeting the Raspberry Pi with the Broadcom proprietary graphics drivers, the output should contain something like the following. If this is not the case, there is no point in proceeding further with the build since accelerated graphics will not be functional without the Raspberry Pi-specific backend, even if the rest of Qt compiles successfully.

      QPA backends:
      EGLFS ................................ yes
      EGLFS details:
        EGLFS i.Mx6 ........................ no
        EGLFS i.Mx6 Wayland ................ no
        EGLFS EGLDevice .................... no
        EGLFS GBM .......................... no
        EGLFS Mali ......................... no
        EGLFS Rasberry Pi .................. yes
        EGL on X11 ......................... no

### LinuxFB

This plugin writes directly to the framebuffer via the fbdev subsystem of Linux. Only software-rendered content is supported. Note that on some setups the display performance is expected to be limited.

As of Qt 5.9, DRM dumb buffer support is also available due to fbdev being deprecated in the Linux kernel. This must be requested by setting the `QT_QPA_FB_DRM` environment variable to a non-zero value. When set, provided that dumb buffers are supported by the system, legacy framebuffer devices like `/dev/fb0` are never accessed. Instead, rendering is set up via the DRM APIs, similarly to the `eglfs_kms` backend of eglfs. The output will be double-buffered and page flipped, providing proper vsync for software-rendered content as well.

Note: when dumb buffers are in use, none of the options described below are applicable since properties like physical and logical screen sizes are all queried automatically.

The `linuxfb` plugin allows specifying additional settings by passing them in the `QT_QPA_PLATFORM` environment variable or `-platform` command-line option. For example, `QT_QPA_PLATFORM=linuxfb:fb=/dev/fb1` specifies that the framebuffer device `/dev/fb1` must be used instead of the default `fb0`. Multiple settings can be specified by separating them with a colon.

- `fb=/dev/fbN` - Specifies the framebuffer devices. On multiple display setups this typically allows running the application on different displays. For the time being there is no way to use multiple framebuffers from one Qt application.
- `size=`<width>`x`<height> - Specifies the screen size in pixels. The plugin tries to query the display dimensions, both physical and logical, from the framebuffer device. This may not always lead to proper results however, and therefore it may become necessary to explicitly specify the values.
- `mmsize=`<width>`x`<height> - Physical width and height in millimeters.
- `offset=`<width>`x`<height> - Offset in pixels specifying the top-left corner of the screen. The default position is at `(0, 0)`.
- `nographicsmodeswitch` - Do not switch the virtual terminal to graphics mode (`KD_GRAPHICS`). In addition to switching to graphics mode, the blinking cursor and screen blanking are normally disabled too. When this parameter is set, these are also skipped.
- `tty=/dev/ttyN` - Overrides the virtual console. Only used when `nographicsmodeswitch` is not set.

As of Qt 5.9, the behavior of eglfs and linuxfb has been synchronized when it comes to the window sizing policy: the first top-level window is forced to cover the entire screen with both platform plugins. If this is not desired, set the environment variable `QT_QPA_FB_FORCE_FULLSCREEN` to `0` in order to restore the behavior of earlier Qt versions.

## Input

When no windowing system is present, the mouse, keyboard, and touch input are read directly via `evdev` or using helper libraries such as `libinput` or `tslib`. Note that this requires that device nodes `/dev/input/event*` are readable by the user. `eglfs` and `linuxfb` have all the input handling code compiled-in.

### Using libinput

libinput is a library to handle input devices. It offers an alternative to the Qt's own `evdev` input support. To enable using `libinput`, make sure the development files for `libudev` and `libinput` are available when configuring and building Qt. `xkbcommon` is also necessary if keyboard support is desired. With `eglfs` and `linuxfb` no further actions are necessary as these plugins use `libinput` by default. If `libinput` support is not available or the environment variable `QT_QPA_EGLFS_NO_LIBINPUT` is set, Qt's own evdev handlers come in to play.

### Input on eglfs and linuxfb without libinput

Parameters like the device node name can be set in the environment variables `QT_QPA_EVDEV_MOUSE_PARAMETERS`, `QT_QPA_EVDEV_KEYBOARD_PARAMETERS` and `QT_QPA_EVDEV_TOUCHSCREEN_PARAMETERS`. Separate the entries with colons. These parameters act as an alternative to passing the settings in the `-plugin` command-line argument, and with some backends they are essential: eglfs and linuxfb use built-in input handlers so there is no separate `-plugin` argument in use.

Additionally, the built-in input handlers can be disabled by setting `QT_QPA_EGLFS_DISABLE_INPUT` or `QT_QPA_FB_DISABLE_INPUT` to `1`.

### Mouse

The mouse cursor shows up whenever `QT_QPA_EGLFS_HIDECURSOR` (for eglfs) or `QT_QPA_FB_HIDECURSOR` (for linuxfb) is not set and Qt's libudev-based device discovery reports that at least one mouse is available. When `libudev` support is not present, the mouse cursor always show up unless explicitly disabled via the environment variable.

Hot plugging is supported, but only if Qt was configured with `libudev` support (that is, if the libudev development headers are present in the sysroot at configure time). This allows connecting or disconnecting an input device while the application is running.

The evdev mouse handler supports the following extra parameters:

- `/dev/input/...` - Specifies the name of the input device. When not given, Qt looks for a suitable device either via libudev or by walking through the available nodes.
- `nocompress` - By default, input events that do not lead to changing the position compared to the last Qt mouse event are compressed; a new Qt mouse event is sent only after a change in the position or button state. This can be disabled by setting the `nocompress` parameter.
- `dejitter` - Specifies a jitter limit. By default dejittering is disabled.
- `grab` - When 1, Qt will grab the device for exclusive use.
- `abs` - Some touchscreens report absolute coordinates and cannot be differentiated from touchpads. In this special situation pass `abs` to indicate that the device is using absolute events.

### Keyboard

The evdev keyboard handler supports the following extra parameters:

- `/dev/input/...` - Specifies the name of the input device. When not given, Qt looks for a suitable device either via libudev or by walking through the available nodes.
- `grab` - Enables grabbing the input device.
- `keymap` - Specifies the name of a custom keyboard map file.
- `enable-compose` - Enables compositing.
- `repeat-delay` - Sets a custom key repeat delay.
- `repeat-rate` - Sets a custom key repeat rate.

On Embedded Linux systems that do not have their terminal sessions disabled, the behavior on a key press can be confusing as input event is processed by the Qt application and the tty. To overcome this, the following options are available:

- EGLFS and LinuxFB attempt to disable the terminal keyboard on application startup by setting the tty's keyboard mode to `K_OFF`. This prevents keystrokes from going to the terminal. If the standard behavior needs to be restored for some reason, set the environment variable `QT_QPA_ENABLE_TERMINAL_KEYBOARD` to `1`. Note that this works only when the application is launched from a remote console (for example, via `ssh`) and the terminal keyboard input remains enabled.
- An alternative approach is to use the evdev keyboard handler's `grab` parameter by passing grab=1 in `QT_QPA_EVDEV_KEYBOARD_PARAMETERS`. This results in trying to get a grab on the input device. If the `grab` is successful, no other components in the system receive events from it as long as the Qt application is running. This approach is more suitable for applications started remotely as it does not need access to the tty device.
- Finally, for many specialized Embedded Linux images it does not make sense to have the standard terminal sessions enabled in the first place. Refer to your build environment's documentation on how to disable them. For example, when generating images using the Yocto Project, unsetting `SYSVINIT_ENABLED_GETTYS` results in having no `getty` process running, and thus no input, on any of the virtual terminals.

If the default built-in keymap is not sufficient, a different one can be specified either via the `keymap` parameter or by using the eglfs-specific loadKeymap() function. The latter allows switching the keymap at runtime. Note however that this requires using eglfs' built-in keyboard handler; it is not supported when the keyboard handler is loaded via the `-plugin` command-line parameter.

Note: Special system key combinations, such as console switching (Ctrl+Alt+Fx) or zap (Ctrl+Alt+Backspace) are not currently supported and are ignored.

To generate a custom keymap, the kmap2qmap utility can be used. This can be found in the qttools module. The source files have to be in standard Linux `kmap` format, which is understood by the kernel's `loadkeys` command. This means one can use the following sources to generate `qmap` files:

- The Linux Console Tools (LCT) project.
- Xorg X11 keymaps can be converted to the `kmap` format with the `ckbcomp` utility.
- As `kmap` files are plain-text files, they can also be hand crafted.

`kmap2qmap` is a command line program, that needs at least 2 files as parameters. The last one is the generated `.qmap` file, while all the others are parsed as input `.kmap` files. For example:

      kmap2qmap i386/qwertz/de-latin1-nodeadkeys.kmap include/compose.latin1.inc de-latin1-nodeadkeys.qmap

Note: `kmap2qmap` does not support all the (pseudo) symbols that the Linux kernel supports. When converting a standard keymap, a number of warnings will be shown regarding `Show_Registers`, `Hex_A`, and so on; these messages can safely be ignored.

### Touch

For some resistive, single-touch touch screens it may be necessary to fall back to using `tslib` instead of relying on the Linux multi-touch protocol and the event devices. For modern touch screens this is not necessary. `tslib` support can be enabled by setting the environment variable `QT_QPA_EGLFS_TSLIB` or `QT_QPA_FB_TSLIB` to 1. To change the device, set the environment variable `TSLIB_TSDEVICE` or pass the device name on the command-line. Note that the `tslib` input handler generates mouse events and supports single touch only, as opposed to `evdevtouch` which generates true multi-touch QTouchEvent events too.

The evdev touch handler supports the following extra parameters:

- `/dev/input/...` - Specifies the name of the input device. When not given, Qt looks for a suitable device either via libudev or by walking through the available nodes.
- `rotate` - On some touch screens the coordinates must be rotated, which is done by setting `rotate` to 90, 180, or 270.
- `invertx` and `inverty` - To invert the X or Y coordinates in the input events, pass `invertx` or `inverty`.

For example, doing `export QT_QPA_EVDEV_TOUCHSCREEN_PARAMETERS=/dev/input/event5:rotate=180` before launching applications results in an explicitly specified touch device and flipping the coordinates - useful when the orientation of the actual screen and the touch screen do not match.

### Pen-based tablets

The `evdevtablet` plugin provides basic support for Wacom and similar, pen-based tablets. It generates QTabletEvent events only. To enable it, pass `QT_QPA_GENERIC_PLUGINS=evdevtablet` in the environment or, alternatively, pass `-plugin evdevtablet` argument on the command-line. The plugin can take a device node parameter, for example `QT_QPA_GENERIC_PLUGINS=evdevtablet:/dev/event1`, in case the Qt's automatic device discovery (based either on libudev or a walkthrough of `/dev/input/event*`) is not functional or misbehaving.

### Debugging Input Devices

It is possible to print some information to the debug output by enabling the `qt.qpa.input` logging rule, for example by setting the `QT_LOGGING_RULES` environment variable to `qt.qpa.input=true`. This is useful for detecting which device is being used, or to troubleshoot device discovery issues.

### Using Custom Mouse Cursor Images

`eglfs` comes with its own set of 32x32 sized mouse cursor images. If these are not sufficient, a custom cursor atlas can be provided by setting the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_CURSOR` environment variable to the name of a JSON file. The file can also be embedded into the application via Qt's resource system.

For example, an embedded cursor atlas with 8 cursor images per row can be specified like the following:

      {
        "image": ":/cursor-atlas.png",
        "cursorsPerRow": 8,
        "hotSpots": [
            [7, 2],
            [12, 3],
            [12, 12],
            ...
        ]
      }

Note that the images are expected to be tightly packed in the atlas: the width and height of the cursors are decided based on the total image size and the `cursorsPerRow` setting. Atlases have to provide an image for all the supported cursors.

## Display Output

When having multiple displays connected, the level of support for targeting one or more of these from one single Qt application varies between the platform plugins and often depends on the device and its graphics stack.

### eglfs with eglfs_kms backend

When the KMS/DRM backend is in use, eglfs reports all available screens in QGuiApplication::screens(). Applications can target different screens with different windows via QWindow::setScreen().

Note: The restriction of one single fullscreen window per screen still applies. Changing screens after making the QWindow visible is not supported either. Therefore, it is essential that embedded applications make all the necessary QWindow::setScreen() calls before calling QWindow::show().

When getting started with developing on a given embedded device, it is often necessary to verify the behavior of the device and drivers, and that the connected displays are working as they should. One easy way is to use the hellowindow example. Launching it with `-platform eglfs --multiscreen --timeout` arguments shows a rotating Qt logo on each connected screen for a few seconds.

Note: Most of the configuration options described below apply to all KMS/DRM-based backends, regardless of the buffer management technology (GBM or EGLStreams).

The KMS/DRM backend also supports custom configurations via a JSON file. Set the environment variable `QT_QPA_EGLFS_KMS_CONFIG` to the name of the file to enable this. The file can also be embedded into the application via the Qt resource system. An example configuration is below:

      {
        "device": "/dev/dri/card1",
        "hwcursor": false,
        "pbuffers": true,
        "outputs": [
          {
            "name": "VGA1",
            "mode": "off"
          },
          {
            "name": "HDMI1",
            "mode": "1024x768"
          }
        ]
      }

Here we configure the specified device so that

- it will not use the hardware cursor (falls back to rendering the mouse cursor via OpenGL; by default hardware cursors are enabled as they are more efficient),
- it will back QOffscreenSurface with standard EGL pbuffer surfaces (by default this is disabled and a gbm surface is used instead),
- output on the VGA connector is disabled, while HDMI is active with a resolution of 1024x768.

Additionally, such a configuration also disables looking for a device via `libudev` and instead the specified device is used.

When `mode` is not defined, the mode that is reported as preferred by the system is chosen. The accepted values for `mode` are: `off`, `current`, `preferred`, width`x`height, width`x`height`@`vrefresh, or a modeline string.

Specifying `current` will choose a mode with a resolution matching the current one. Due to the fact that modesetting is done only when the desired mode is actually different from the active one (unless forced via the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_ALWAYS_SET_MODE` environment variable), this value is useful to keep the current mode and any content in the planes not touched by Qt.

All screens reported by the DRM layer will be treated as one big virtual desktop by default. The mouse cursor implementation will take this into account and move across the screens as expected. Although not recommended, the virtual desktop mode can be disabled by setting `separateScreens` to `false` in the configuration, if desired.

By default, the virtual desktop is formed left to right, based on the order of connectors as reported by the system. This can be changed by setting `virtualIndex` to a value starting from 0. For example, the following configuration uses the preferred resolution but ensures that the left side in the virtual desktop is the screen connected to the HDMI port, while the right side is the screen connected to the DisplayPort:

      {
        "device": "drm-nvdc",
        "outputs": [
          {
            "name": "HDMI1",
            "virtualIndex": 0
          },
          {
            "name": "DP1",
            "virtualIndex": 1
          }
        ]
      }

The order of elements in the array is not relevant. Outputs with unspecified virtual indices will be placed after the others, with the original order in the DRM connector list preserved.

To create a vertical desktop space (that is, to stack top to bottom instead of left to right), add a `virtualDesktopLayout` property after `device` with the value of `vertical`.

Note: It is recommended that all screens in the virtual desktop use the same resolution, otherwise elements like the mouse cursor may behave in unexpected ways when entering areas that only exist on one given screen.

When `virtualIndex` is not sufficient, the property `virtualPos` can be used to explicitly specify the top-left position of the screen in question. Taking the previous example and assuming a resolution of 1080p for HDMI1, the following places a second HDMI-based screen below the first one:

      {
         ...
        "outputs": [
          ...
          {
            "name": "HDMI2",
            "virtualPos": "0, 1080"
          }
        ]
      }

Note: Avoid such configurations when mouse support is desired. The mouse cursor's behavior may be unexpected with non-linear layouts. Touch should present no issues however.

In some cases the automatic querying of the physical screen size via DRM may fail. Normally the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_PHYSICAL_WIDTH` and `QT_QPA_EGLFS_PHYSICAL_HEIGHT` environment variable would be used to provide the missing values, however this is not suitable anymore when multiple screens are present. Instead, use the `physicalWidth` and `physicalHeight` properties in the `outputs` list to specify the sizes in millimeters.

Note: Different physical sizes and thus differing logical DPIs are discouraged because it may lead to unexpected issues due to some graphics stack components not knowing about multiple screens and relying solely on the first screen's values.

Each active output from the `outputs` array corresponds to one QScreen instance reported from QGuiApplication::screens(). The primary screen reported by QGuiApplication::primaryScreen() is by default the screen that gets registered first. When not using `virtualIndex`, this means the decision is based on the DRM connector order. To override this, set the property `primary` to `true` on the desired entry in the `outputs` list. For example, to ensure the screen corresponding to the VGA output will be the primary even when the system happens to report the HDMI one first, one can do the following:

      {
        "device": "/dev/dri/card0",
        "outputs": [
            { "name": "HDMI1" },
            { "name": "VGA1", "mode": "1280x720", "primary": true },
            { "name": "LVDS1", "mode": "off" }
        ]
      }

For troubleshooting it might be useful to enable debug logs from the KMS/DRM backend. To do this, enable the categorized logging rule, `qt.qpa.eglfs.kms`.

Note: In an embedded environment virtual desktops are more limited than with a full windowing system. Windows overlapping multiple screens, non-fullscreen windows and moving windows between screens should be avoided and may not function as expected.

The most common and best supported use case for a multi-screen setup is to open a dedicated QQuickWindow or QQuickView for each screen. With the default `threaded` render loop of the Qt Quick scenegraph, each of these windows will get its own dedicated render thread. This is good because the threads can be throttled independently based on vsync, and will not interfere with each other. With the `basic` loop this can get problematic and animations may degrade as a result.

As an example, discovering all connected screens and creating a QQuickView for each of them can be done like this:

      int main(int argc, char **argv)
      {
          QGuiApplication app(argc, argv);

          QVector<QQuickView *> views;
          for (QScreen *screen : app.screens()) {
              QQuickView *view = new QQuickView;
              view->setScreen(screen);
              view->setResizeMode(QQuickView::SizeRootObjectToView);
              view->setSource(QUrl("qrc:/main.qml"));
              QObject::connect(view->engine(), &QQmlEngine::quit, qGuiApp, &QCoreApplication::quit);
              views.append(view);
              view->showFullScreen();
          }

          int result = app.exec();

          qDeleteAll(views);
          return result;
      }

### Advanced eglfs_kms features

Screen cloning (mirroring) is supported as of Qt 5.11. It can be enabled by the `clones` property:

      {
        "device": "/dev/dri/card0",
        "outputs": [
            { "name": "HDMI1", "mode": "1920x1080" },
            { "name": "DP1", "mode": "1920x1080", "clones": "HDMI1" }
       ]
      }

Here the content on the display connected via DisplayPort will be the same as on the HDMI one. This is ensured by simply scanning out the same buffer on both.

Note: This can only work if the resolutions are the same, there are no incompatibilities when it comes to accepted buffer formats, and the application does not have any output on the QScreen associated with a clone destination. In practice the latter means that no QWindow associated with the QScreen in question - DP1 in the example - must ever perform a QOpenGLContext::swapBuffers() operation. It is up to the configuration and the application to ensure these.

Headless mode via DRM render nodes is supported as of Qt 5.11. This allows performing GPU compute (OpenGL compute shaders, OpenCL) or offscreen OpenGL rendering without needing DRM master privileges. In this mode applications can function even when there is already another process outputting to the screen.

Just switching `device` from `/dev/dri/card0` to `/dev/dri/renderD128` is futile on its own since there are a number of operations that cannot be performed in headless mode. Therefore, this must be combined with a `headless` property, for example:

      {
          "device": "/dev/dri/renderD128",
          "headless": "1024x768"
      }

Keep in mind that windows are still sized to match the - now virtual - screen size, hence the need for specifying a size in the `headless` property. There is also a lack of vsync-based throttling.

Once enabled, applications have two typical choices to perform offscreen rendering in headless mode:

Use an ordinary window, such as a QOpenGLWindow subclass, targeting the window's default framebuffer, meaning a `gbm_surface` in practice:

      MyOpenGLWindow w;
      w.show(); // will not actually show up on screen
      w.grabFramebuffer().save("output.png");

Or the typical offscreen approach with an extra FBO:

      QOffscreenSurface s;
      s.setFormat(ctx.format());
      s.create();
      ctx.makeCurrent(&s);
      QOpenGLFramebufferObject fbo(1024, 768);
      fbo.bind();
      ctx.functions()->glClearColor(1, 0, 0, 1);
      ctx.functions()->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
      fbo.toImage().save("output.png");
      ctx.doneCurrent();

### eglfs with eglfs_kms_egldevice backend

This backend, typically used on Tegra devices, is similar to the KMS/DRM backend mentioned above, except that it relies on the EGLDevice and EGLStream extensions instead of GBM.

For technical details about this approach, check out this presentation.

As of Qt 5.7 this backend shares many of its internal implementation with the GBM-based backend. This means that multiple screens and the advanced configuration via `QT_QPA_EGLFS_KMS_CONFIG` are supported. Some settings, such as `hwcursor` and `pbuffers` are not applicable however.

By default the backend will automatically choose the correct EGL layer for the default plane of each output. When necessary, this can be overridden by setting the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_LAYER_INDEX` environment variable to the index of the desired layer. This approach does not currently support multiple outputs, so its usage should be limited to systems with a single screen. To see which layers are available, and to debug potential startup issues, enable the logging category `qt.qpa.eglfs.kms`.

In some cases it may be necessary to perform a video mode set on application startup even when the screen reports that the desired resolution is already set. This is normally optimized away, but if the screen stays powered down, try setting the environment variable `QT_QPA_EGLFS_ALWAYS_SET_MODE` to a non-zero value and relaunch the application.

To configure the behavior of the EGLStream object used by the backend, use the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_STREAM_FIFO_LENGTH` environment variable. This assumes that `KHR_stream_fifo` is supported by the target system. By default the stream operates in mailbox mode. To switch to FIFO mode, set a value of 1 or greater. The value specifies the maximum number of frames the stream can hold.

On some systems it may become necessary to target a specific overlay plane through a pre-defined connector. Just forcing a layer index via `QT_QPA_EGLFS_LAYER_INDEX` does not perform plane configuration and is therefore not suitable in itself. Instead, in such special scenarios use the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_KMS_CONNECTOR_INDEX` and `QT_QPA_EGLFS_KMS_PLANE_INDEX` environment variables. When these are set, only the specified connector and plane will be in use, all other outputs will get ignored. The backend will take care of picking the EGL layer that corresponds to the desired plane, and the configuring of the plane.

### Touch input in systems with multiple screens on KMS/DRM

Touchscreens require additional considerations in multi-display systems because touch events have to be routed to the correct virtual screen, and this requires a correct mapping between touchscreens and display outputs.

The mapping is done via the JSON configuration file specified in `QT_QPA_EGLFS_KMS_CONFIG` and described in the previous sections. When a `touchDevice` property is present in an element of the `outputs` array, the value is treated as a device node and the touch device is associated with the display output in question.

For example, assuming our touchscreen has a device node of /dev/input/event5 and is a touchscreen integrated into the monitor connected via HDMI as the secondary screen, the following configuration ensures correct touch (and synthesized mouse) event translation:

       {
          "device": "drm-nvdc",
          "outputs": [
            {
              "name": "HDMI1",
              "touchDevice": "/dev/input/event5",
              "virtualIndex": 1
            },
            {
              "name": "DP1",
              "virtualIndex": 0
            }
          ]
      }

Note: When in doubt, enable logging from both the graphics and input subsystems by setting the environment variable `QT_LOGGING_RULES=qt.qpa.*=true` before launching the application. This will help identifying the correct input device nodes and may uncover output configuration issues that can be difficult to debug otherwise.

Note: As of Qt 5.8, the above is only supported for the evdevtouch input backend. Other variants, such as the libinput-based one, will continue to route events to the primary screen. To force the usage of evdevtouch on systems where multiple input backends are available, set the environment variable `QT_QPA_EGLFS_NO_LIBINPUT` to `1`.

### eglfs with other backends

Other backends, that are typically based on targeting the framebuffer or a composition API directly via the vendor's EGL implementation, usually provide limited or no support for multiple displays. On i.MX6-based boards with Vivante GPUs the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_FB` environment variable can be used to specify the framebuffer to target, similarly to linuxfb. On the Raspberry Pi the `QT_QPA_EGLFS_DISPMANX_ID` environment variable can be used to specify the screen to output to. The value corresponds to one of the `DISPMANX_ID_` constants, refer to the Dispmanx documentation. Note that these approaches, unlike KMS/DRM, will not typically allow to output to multiple screens from the same application. Alternatively, driver-specific environment variables or kernel parameters may also be available as well to control the used framebuffer. Refer to the embedded board's documentation.

### Video Memory

Systems with a fixed amount of dedicated video memory may need extra care before running Qt application based on Qt Quick or classes like QOpenGLWidget. The default setting may be insufficient for such applications, especially when they are displayed on a high resolution (for example, full HD) screen. In this case, they may start failing in unexpected ways. It is recommended to ensure that there is at least 128 MB of GPU memory available. For systems that do not have a fixed amount of memory reserved for the GPU this is not an issue.

### linuxfb

Use the `fb` plugin parameter to specify the framebuffer device to use.

## Unix Signal Handlers

The console-oriented platform plugins like eglfs and linuxfb install signal handlers by default to capture interrupt (`SIGINT`), suspend and continue (`SIGTSTP`, `SIGCONT`) and termination (`SIGTERM`). This way the keyboard, terminal cursor, and possibly other graphics state can be restored when the application terminates or gets suspended due to `kill`, or `Ctrl+C` or `Ctrl+Z`. (although terminating or suspending via the keyboard is only possible when `QT_QPA_ENABLE_TERMINAL_KEYBOARD` is set, as outlined above in the Input section). However, in some cases capturing `SIGINT` can be undesirable as it may conflict with remote debugging for instance. Therefore, the environment variable `QT_QPA_NO_SIGNAL_HANDLER` is provided to opt out from all built-in signal handling.

## Fonts

Qt normally uses `fontconfig` to provide access to system fonts. If `fontconfig` is not available, Qt will fall back to using `QBasicFontDatabase`. In this case, Qt applications will look for fonts in Qt's `lib/fonts` directory. Qt will automatically detect pre-rendered fonts and TrueType fonts. This directory can be overridden by setting the `QT_QPA_FONTDIR` environment variable.

For more information on the supported formats, see Qt for Embedded Linux Fonts.

Note: Qt no longer ships any fonts in the `lib/fonts` directory. This means that it is up to the platform (the system image) to provide the necessary fonts.

## Platform Plugins for Windowing Systems on Embedded Linux Devices

### XCB

This is the X11 plugin used on regular desktop Linux platforms. In some embedded environments, that provide X and the necessary development files for xcb, this plugin functions just like it does on a regular PC desktop.

Note: On some devices there is no EGL and OpenGL support available under X because the EGL implementation is not compatible with Xlib. In this case the XCB plugin is built without EGL support, meaning that Qt Quick 2 or other OpenGL-based applications does not work with this platform plugin. It can still be used however to run software-rendered applications (based on QWidget for example).

As a general rule, the usage of XCB on embedded devices is not advisable. Plugins like eglfs are likely to provide better performance, and hardware acceleration.

### Wayland

Wayland is a light-weight windowing system; or more precisely, it is a protocol for clients to talk to a display server.

The Qt Wayland module provides a `wayland` platform plugin that allows Qt application to connect to a Wayland compositor.

Note: You may experience issues with touch screen input while using the Weston reference compositor. Refer to the Qt Wiki for further information.

## Qt Quick WebGL

The Qt Quick WebGL platform plugin allows for remote access by streaming Qt Quick user interfaces over the network. The UI is rendered in a WebGL™-enabled client browser.

Note: The Qt Quick WebGL plugin is currently provided as a Technology Preview.

### Configuration and Use

In order to use the Qt Quick WebGL plugin, Qt must be configured with OpenGL ES 2 support:

      ./configure [...] -opengl es2

The plugin depends on Qt WebSockets.

You launch a Qt Quick application with the webgl platform plugin as follows:

      ./qmlapplication -platform webgl

This starts a lightweight web server on port 8080, that the client can connect to with a web browser that supports WebGL. The listening port can be configured as follows:

      ./qmlapplication -platform webgl:port=80

Keyboard, mouse, touch, and multi-touch events from the client are supported.

### Limitations

- Streaming OpenGL® commands over the network imposes an amount of delay compared to running the application locally.
- Desktop applications that use Qt Widgets are not supported by the plugin.
- Text elements may not display correctly when the Text.NativeRendering render type option is set.
- Only one active client per process is permitted. Subsequent clients attempting to connect to the server will see a loading indicator until the previous client disconnects.
- Streaming audio is not supported.

Note: The `webgl` plugin requires a threaded render loop. On Windows and other platforms that use a different render loop by default, set the `QSG_RENDER_LOOP` environment variable accordingly:

      set QSG_RENDER_LOOP=threaded

## Related Topics

- Qt for Device Creation
- Emulator
- Qt Virtual Keyboard