**********************
Using YARA from Python
**********************

YARA can be also used from Python through the ``yara-python`` library. Once
the library is built and installed as described in :ref:`compiling-yara`
you'll have access to the full potential of YARA from your Python scripts.

The first step is importing the YARA library:

.. code-block:: python

  import yara

Then you will need to compile your YARA rules before applying them to your data,
the rules can be compiled from a file path:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile(filepath='/foo/bar/myrules')

The default argument is filepath, so you don't need to explicitly specify its
name:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile('/foo/bar/myrules')

You can also compile your rules from a file object:

.. code-block:: python

  fh = open('/foo/bar/myrules')
  rules = yara.compile(file=fh)
  fh.close()

Or you can compile them directly from a Python string:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile(source='rule dummy { condition: true }')

If you want to compile a group of files or strings at the same time you can do
it by using the ``filepaths`` or ``sources`` named arguments:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile(filepaths={

    'namespace1':'/my/path/rules1',
    'namespace2':'/my/path/rules2'
  })

  rules = yara.compile(sources={

    'namespace1':'rule dummy { condition: true }',
    'namespace2':'rule dummy { condition: false }'
  })

Notice that both ``filepaths`` and ``sources`` must be dictionaries with keys
of string type. The dictionary keys are used as a namespace identifier, allowing
to differentiate between rules with the same name in different sources, as
occurs in the second example with the *dummy* name.

The ``compile`` method also has an optional boolean parameter named
``includes`` which allows you to control whether or not the include directive
should be accepted in the source files, for example:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile('/foo/bar/my_rules', includes=False)


If the source file contains include directives the previous line would raise
an exception.

If includes are used, a python callback can be set to define a custom source for
the imported files (by default they are read from disk). This callback function
is set through the ``include_callback`` optional parameter.
It receives the following parameters:

 * ``requested_filename``: file requested with 'include'
 * ``filename``: file containing the 'include' directive if applicable, else None
 * ``namespace``: namespace

And returns the requested rules sources as a single string.

.. code-block:: python
  import yara
  import sys
  if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
      import urllib.request as urllib
  else:
      import urllib as urllib

  def mycallback(requested_filename, filename, namespace):
      if requested_filename == 'req.yara':
          uf = urllib.urlopen('https://pastebin.com/raw/siZ2sMTM')
          sources = uf.read()
          if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
              sources = str(sources, 'utf-8')
          return sources
      else:
          raise Exception(filename+": Can't fetch "+requested_filename)

  rules = yara.compile(source='include "req.yara" rule r{ condition: true }',
                      include_callback=mycallback)

If you are using external variables in your rules you must define those
external variables either while compiling the rules, or while applying the
rules to some file. To define your variables at the moment of compilation you
should pass the ``externals`` parameter to the ``compile`` method. For example:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.compile('/foo/bar/my_rules’,
    externals= {'var1': 'some string’, 'var2': 4, 'var3': True})

The ``externals`` parameter must be a dictionary with the names of the variables
as keys and an associated value of either string, integer or boolean type.

The ``compile`` method also accepts the optional boolean arguments telling yara-python
how to deal with warnings. The first argument of this nature is
``error_on_warning``. This arguments tells YARA to raise an exception when a
warning is issued during compilation. Such warnings are typically issued when
your rules contains some construct that could be slowing down the scanning.
The default value for the ``error_on_warning`` argument is False. The second argument of
this type is another boolean, ``strict_escape``, when enabled this causes YARA to produce
a warning when rules contain mis-escaped characters. The default value for the ``strict_escape`` 
argument is False.

In all cases ``compile`` returns an instance of the class :py:class:`yara.Rules`
Rules. This class has a ``save`` method that can be used to save the compiled
rules to a file:

.. code-block:: python

  rules.save('/foo/bar/my_compiled_rules')

The compiled rules can be loaded later by using the ``load`` method:

.. code-block:: python

  rules = yara.load('/foo/bar/my_compiled_rules')

Starting with YARA 3.4 both ``save`` and ``load`` accept file objects. For
example, you can save your rules to a memory buffer with this code:

.. code-block:: python

  import io

  buff = io.BytesIO()
  rules.save(file=buff)

The saved rules can be loaded from the memory buffer:

.. code-block:: python

  buff.seek(0)
  rule = yara.load(file=buff)

The result of ``load`` is also an instance of the class :py:class:`yara.Rules`.

Starting with YARA 4.3.0, ``Rules`` have a warning member which contains a list
of warnings generated by the compiler. This allows you to know if the compiler
generated warnings without them being hard errors using the `error_on_warning`
argument.

Instances of ``Rules`` also have a ``match`` method, which allows you to apply
the rules to a file:

.. code-block:: python

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_file')

But you can also apply the rules to a Python string:

.. code-block:: python

  with open('/foo/bar/my_file', 'rb') as f:
    matches = rules.match(data=f.read())

Or to a running process:

.. code-block:: python

  matches = rules.match(pid=1234)

As in the case of ``compile``, the ``match`` method can receive definitions for
external variables in the ``externals`` argument.

.. code-block:: python

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_file',
    externals= {'var1': 'some other string', 'var2': 100})

External variables defined during compile-time don’t need to be defined again
in subsequent calls to the ``match`` method. However you can redefine
any variable as needed, or provide additional definitions that weren’t provided
during compilation.

In some situations involving a very large set of rules or huge files the
``match`` method can take too much time to run. In those situations you may
find useful the ``timeout`` argument:

.. code-block:: python

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_huge_file', timeout=60)

If the ``match`` function does not finish before the specified number of
seconds elapsed, a ``TimeoutError`` exception is raised.

You can also specify a callback function when invoking the ``match`` method. By
default, the provided function will be called for every rule, no matter if
matching or not. You can choose when your callback function is called by setting
the ``which_callbacks`` parameter to one of ``yara.CALLBACK_MATCHES``,
``yara.CALLBACK_NON_MATCHES`` or ``yara.CALLBACK_ALL``. The default is to use
``yara.CALLBACK_ALL``. Your callback function should expect a single parameter
of dictionary type, and should return ``CALLBACK_CONTINUE`` to proceed to the
next rule or ``CALLBACK_ABORT`` to stop applying rules to your data.

Here is an example:

.. code-block:: python

  import yara

  def mycallback(data):
    print(data)
    return yara.CALLBACK_CONTINUE

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_file', callback=mycallback, which_callbacks=yara.CALLBACK_MATCHES)

The passed dictionary will be something like this:

.. code-block:: python

  {
    'tags': ['foo', 'bar'],
    'matches': True,
    'namespace': 'default',
    'rule': 'my_rule',
    'meta': {},
    'strings': [StringMatch, StringMatch]
  }

The *matches* field indicates if the rule matches the data or not. The
*strings* field is a list of :py:class:`yara.StringMatch` objects.

The ``match`` method returns a list of instances of the class :py:class:`yara.Match`.
Instances of this class have the same attributes as the dictionary passed to the
callback function.

You can also specify a module callback function when invoking the ``match``
method.  The provided function will be called for every imported module that
scanned a file.  Your callback function should expect a single parameter of
dictionary type, and should return ``CALLBACK_CONTINUE`` to proceed to the next
rule or ``CALLBACK_ABORT`` to stop applying rules to your data.

Here is an example:

.. code-block:: python

  import yara

  def modules_callback(data):
    print(data)
    return yara.CALLBACK_CONTINUE

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_file', modules_callback=modules_callback)

The passed dictionary will contain the information from the module.

You can also specify a warning callback function when invoking the ``match``
method.  The provided function will be called for every runtime warning.
Your callback function should expect two parameters. The first is an integer
which contains the type of warning and the second is a string with the warning
message. Your callback should return ``CALLBACK_CONTINUE`` to proceed with the
scan or ``CALLBACK_ABORT`` to stop.

Possible values for the type are::

  CALLBACK_TOO_MANY_MATCHES

Contents of the callback message depend on the type of the callback.

For ``CALLBACK_TOO_MANY_MATCHES``, the message is a named tuple containing
3 items: ``namespace``, ``rule`` and ``string``. All contain string
identifiers.

Here is an example:

.. code-block:: python

  import yara

  def warnings_callback(warning_type, message):
    if warning_type == yara.CALLBACK_TOO_MANY_MATCHES:
        print(f"namespace:'{message.namespace}' rule:'{message.rule}' string:'{message.string}'")
    return yara.CALLBACK_CONTINUE

  matches = rules.match('/foo/bar/my_file', warnings_callback=warnings_callback)

If you do not use a warning callback a warning message will be sent to the
normal python warning system for you and scanning will continue.

With YARA 4.2.0 a new ``console`` module was introduced which allows you to
send log messages within YARA. These are, by default, printed to stdout in
yara-python, but you can handle them in your own callback using the
``console_callback`` parameter.

Here is an example:

.. code-block:: python

  import yara

  r = """
  import "console"

  rule a { condition: console.log("Hello from Python!") }
  """

  def console(message):
      print(f"Callback: {message}")

  rules = yara.compile(source=r)
  rules.match("/bin/ls", console_callback=console)
  rules.match("/bin/ls")

The type of the ``message`` parameter is a string.

You may also find that the default sizes for the stack for the matching engine in
yara or the default size for the maximum number of strings per rule is too low. In
the C libyara API, you can modify these using the ``YR_CONFIG_STACK_SIZE`` and
``YR_CONFIG_MAX_STRINGS_PER_RULE`` variables via the ``yr_set_configuration_uint32``
function in libyara. The command-line tool exposes these as the ``--stack-size``
(``-k``) and ``--max-strings-per-rule`` command-line arguments. In order to set
these values via the Python API, you can use ``yara.set_config`` with either or
both ``stack_size`` and ``max_strings_per_rule`` provided as kwargs. At the time
of this writing, the default stack size was ``16384`` and the default maximum
strings per rule was ``10000``.

Also, ``yara.set_config`` accepts the `max_match_data` argument for controlling
the maximum number of bytes that will be returned for each matching string. This
is equivalent to using ``YR_CONFIG_MAX_MATCH_DATA`` with the ``yr_set_configuration_uint32``
in the C API. By the default this is set to 512.

Here are a few example calls:

.. code-block:: python

  yara.set_config(stack_size=65536)
  yara.set_config(max_strings_per_rule=50000, stack_size=65536)
  yara.set_config(max_strings_per_rule=20000)
  yara.set_config(max_match_data=128)


Reference
---------

.. py:module:: yara

.. py:function:: yara.compile(...)

  Compile YARA sources.

  Either *filepath*, *source*, *file*, *filepaths* or *sources* must be
  provided. The remaining arguments are optional.

  :param str filepath: Path to the source file.
  :param str source: String containing the rules code.
  :param file-object file: Source file as a file object.
  :param dict filepaths: Dictionary where keys are namespaces and values are
    paths to source files.
  :param dict sources: Dictionary where keys are namespaces and values are
    strings containing rules code.
  :param dict externals: Dictionary with external variables. Keys are variable
    names and values are variable values.
  :param boolean includes: True if include directives are allowed or False
    otherwise. Default value: *True*.
  :param boolean error_on_warning: If true warnings are treated as errors,
    raising an exception.
  :return: Compiled rules object.
  :rtype: :py:class:`yara.Rules`
  :raises yara.SyntaxError: If a syntax error was found.
  :raises yara.Error: If an error occurred.

.. py:function:: yara.load(...)

  .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0

  Load compiled rules from a path or file object. Either *filepath* or
  *file* must be provided.

  :param str filepath: Path to a compiled rules file
  :param file-object file: A file object supporting the ``read`` method.
  :return: Compiled rules object.
  :rtype: :py:class:`yara.Rules`
  :raises: **yara.Error**: If an error occurred while loading the file.

.. py:function:: yara.set_config(...)

  Set the configuration variables accessible through the yr_set_configuration
  API.

  Provide either *stack_size*, *max_strings_per_rule*, or *max_match_data*. These kwargs
  take unsigned integer values as input and will assign the provided value to the
  yr_set_configuration(...) variables ``YR_CONFIG_STACK_SIZE``,
  ``YR_CONFIG_MAX_STRINGS_PER_RULE``, and ``YR_CONFIG_MAX_MATCH_DATA`` respectively.

  :param int stack_size: Stack size to use for ``YR_CONFIG_STACK_SIZE``
  :param int max_strings_per_rule: Maximum number of strings to allow per
    yara rule. Will be mapped to ``YR_CONFIG_MAX_STRINGS_PER_RULE``.
  :param int max_match_data: Maximum number of bytes to allow per
    yara match. Will be mapped to ``YR_CONFIG_MAX_MATCH_DATA``.
  :return: None
  :rtype: **NoneType**
  :raises: **yara.Error**: If an error occurred.

.. py:class:: Rules

  Instances of this class are returned by :py:func:`yara.compile` and represents
  a set of compiled rules.

  .. py:method:: match(filepath, pid, data, externals=None, callback=None, fast=False, timeout=None, modules_data=None, modules_callback=None, warnings_callback=None, which_callbacks=CALLBACK_ALL, console_callback=None)

    Scan a file, process memory or data string.

    Either *filepath*, *pid* or *data* must be provided. The remaining
    arguments are optional.

    :param str filepath: Path to the file to be scanned.
    :param int pid: Process id to be scanned.
    :param str/bytes data: Data to be scanned.
    :param dict externals: Dictionary with external variables. Keys are variable
      names and values are variable values.
    :param function callback: Callback function invoked for each rule.
    :param bool fast: If true performs a fast mode scan.
    :param int timeout: Aborts the scanning when the number of specified seconds
      have elapsed.
    :param dict modules_data: Dictionary with additional data to modules. Keys
      are module names and values are *bytes* objects containing the additional
      data.
    :param function modules_callback: Callback function invoked for each module.
    :param function warnings_callback: Callback function invoked for warning, like ``yara.CALLBACK_TOO_MANY_MATCHES``.
    :param int which_callbacks: An integer that indicates in which cases the
      callback function must be called. Possible values are ``yara.CALLBACK_ALL``,
      ``yara.CALLBACK_MATCHES`` and ``yara.CALLBACK_NON_MATCHES``.
    :param function console_callback: Callback function invoked for each console module call.
    :raises yara.TimeoutError: If the timeout was reached.
    :raises yara.Error: If an error occurred during the scan.

  .. py:method:: save(...)

  .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0

    Save compiled rules to a file. Either *filepath* or *file* must be provided.

    :param str filepath: Path to the file.
    :param file-object file: A file object supporting the ``write`` method.
    :raises: **yara.Error**: If an error occurred while saving the file.

.. py:class:: Match

  .. versionadded:: 4.3.0

  Objects returned by :py:meth:`yara.Rules.match`, representing a match.

  .. py:attribute:: rule

    Name of the matching rule.

  .. py:attribute:: namespace

    Namespace associated to the matching rule.

  .. py:attribute:: tags

    Array of strings containing the tags associated to the matching rule.

  .. py:attribute:: meta

    Dictionary containing metadata associated to the matching rule.

  .. py:attribute:: strings

    List of StringMatch objects.

.. py:class:: StringMatch

  .. versionadded:: 4.3.0

  Objects which represent string matches.

  .. py:attribute:: identifier

    Name of the matching string.

  .. py:attribute:: instances

    List of StringMatchInstance objects.

  .. py:method:: is_xor()

    Returns a boolean if the string is using the xor modifier.

.. py:class:: StringMatchInstance

  .. versionadded:: 4.3.0

  Objects which represent instances of matched strings.

  .. py:attribute:: matched_data

    Bytes of the matched data.

  .. py:attribute:: matched_length

    Length of the matched data.

  .. py:attribute:: offset

    Offset of the matched data.

  .. py:attribute:: xor_key

    XOR key found for the string.

  .. py:method:: plaintext()

    Returns the plaintext version of the string after xor key is applied. If
    the string is not an xor string then no modification is done.
