RINK(7)

NAME
rink - Query language documentation

SYNPOSIS

Rink’s query language follows a somewhat natural language style for its syntax. Many expressions like 3.5 meters to feet will work without any modification. This manual is meant for those who want to get a deeper understanding of the query language.

DESCRIPTION

In order to understand Rink, an understanding of units themselves is required. Fundamentally, a unit is a way of assigning a concrete value to a specific quantity such as length, volume, energy, power, current, etc. Each quantity can be reduced into other quantities (for example, area is length × length), except for 7 base units.

The 7 base units (as well as the physical quantities they represent):

    • meter (length)

    • second (time)

    • kilogram (mass)

    • ampere (current)

    • kelvin (temperature)

    • mol (amount of substance)

    • candela (human-subjective luminous intensity)

In addition, Rink defines a few non-SI base units:

    • euro (money)

    • bit (information)

    • radian (angle)

    • steradian (solid angle)

    • wholenote (musical note length)

    • IU (biological activity)

Each of these quantities is treated as irreducible. The 7 base units are the foundations of SI, and customary systems as well. (Customary systems are defined in terms of SI.)

Every unit is composed of two parts: A numerical value, and its dimensionality. The dimensionality is how a unit relates itself to the base units. Each base unit is raised to a certain power to construct the dimensionality. For example, the dimensionality of the quantity of acceleration is length^1 × time^-2 and then the rest of the base units are to the 0th power, which is to say that they do not matter. Two units are considered conformable if they have matching dimensionalities, and they can then be used in conversions.

Because each unit has a numerical part, it is possible to do normal math on them*.

    • Adding two units produces a new unit with matching dimensionality.

    • Multiplying two units produces a new unit with its dimensionality as each base unit multiplied together, e.g. velocity (length time^-1) * hertz (time^-1) = acceleration (length time^-2).

    • Dividing two units is like multiplication, but taking away from the base units. A unit divided by itself is dimensionless, it has no quantity. Normal numbers are dimensionless.

Because of this, units are essentially a special type of number. As such, Rink is essentially a calculator which takes dimensionality into account.

  Weight vs Mass

It is important to remember the differences between mass and weight when working with mass and force units. Here are some tips:

    • Mass doesn’t change depending on the amount of gravity, and directly influences momentum.

    • Weight is the amount of downward force on an object due to gravity.

    • Mass is measured in kilograms or pounds.

    • Weight is measured in newtons, kilogram force (kgf), or pound force (lbf).

    • When someone says something weighs some amount of kg or lb, they’re saying it has a weight of that number of kgf or lbf. This includes things like weight on the moon. (Don’t correct anyone using this common figure of speech.)

    • A scale displays an estimate of mass by measuring the force applied to it divided by its calibrated measurement of the acceleration of gravity. Its mass estimate would be incorrect on other planets unless it was recalibrated. You can also think of the displayed value as being weight in kgf or lbf.

    • You can compute weight by multiplying mass by gravity. Both kgf and lbf have earth gravity as part of their definition, so when you multiply kg or lb by gravity you get the same numerical values back, but with kgf or lbf units.

  Numbers

    > 10.1e2
    1010 (dimensionless)
    > 10
    10 (dimensionless)
    > 0x10
    16 (dimensionless)
    > 0o10
    8 (dimensionless)
    > 0b10
    2 (dimensionless)
    > 9999999999999
    approx. 9.99999e12 (dimensionless)
    > 1.001
    1.001 (dimensionless)
    > 1e100
    1.0e100 (dimensionless)

Decimal numbers can be written with an integer component, an after-decimal-point component, and an exponent. Numbers can optionally have either U+2009 THIN SPACE or an underscore (_) for digit place separators.

The decimal point is always written with a dot (.), not a comma or other marker. If the decimal point is provided, it must be followed by more digits. (1. is not allowed.)

The exponent starts with an e, followed by an integer with an optional sign. The exponent is shorthand for writing out * 10^exp. There can be no spaces within the number other than allowed digit separators. (10 e10 is not allowed.)

Hexadecimal, octal, and binary integers can be written using 0x, 0o, and 0b prefixes, respectively. These literals do not currently support decimal points or exponents.

Numbers can be written with a fraction, and can be written in scientific notation. 1e24 is short for 1 * 10^24.

  Arithmetic

    > 3 4 m 5 s
    60 m s
    > 3 * 4 m 5 s
    60 m s

Multiplication can be either by juxtaposition (that is, without any symbol) or using an explicit * operator.

    > 10 km / 5 m
    2000 (dimensionless)
    > 1|2 m
    0.5 m (length)

There are two division operators, for separate purposes. / has lower precedence than multiplication, and is used mainly for separating two halves of an entire expression. | has higher precedence than multiplication, and is used mainly for fractions of integers.

    > 1 * 2 + 1 * 2
    4 (dimensionless)
    > 12 meters + 5 feet
    13.524 m (length)

Addition and subtraction have lower precedence than multiplication and division.

    > 12 ft^2
    435483/390625, approx. 1.114836 m^2 (area)

Powers have higher precedence than multiplication. Both ^ and ** can be used.

    > 11 mod 3
    2  (dimensionless)
    > meter mod foot
    85.6 millimeter (length)

The mod operator can be used to find the remainder of division. It has the same precedence as *. Requires both inputs to have the same dimensionality.

    > 1 << 24
    16777216  (dimensionless)
    > 16 >> 2

Equivalent to multiplying or dividing by a power of two. The right side must be dimensionless.

    4  (dimensionless)
    > 0b1010 and 0b1100 to base 2
    1000  (dimensionless)
    > 0b1010 or 0b1100 to base 2
    1110  (dimensionless)
    > 0b1010 xor 0b1100 to base 2
    110  (dimensionless)

Bitwise operators are supported. The inputs must be dimensionless, and also must be integers.

  Temperature

    > 12 °C
    285.15 K (temperature)

Temperature scales are operators with higher precedence than addition, and lower than multiplication. See the Temperature conversion section for more detailed syntax.

  Inline Definitions

    > 2000 kcal -> potato = 164 kcal
    500/41, approx. 12.19512 potato (energy)

An equals expression is one which simultaneously defines a new unit with the right-hand side, names it using the left-hand side, and then produces it as its result. This is useful for customizing the output of the right-hand side of a conversion or converting into things that don’t currently have units such as the amount of calories in a potato.

  Custom base units

    > 12 'core' hour / 3 'core' -> minutes
    240 minutes (time)

A unit name which is wrapped in quotation marks will not be checked for whether it exists when it is evaluated. This means you can wrap anything in quotes to in effect produce a new base unit for the purposes of a single calculation. This can be useful for doing calculations in terms of things which are otherwise dimensionless.

  Previous results

    > 100 ohm + 50 ohm
    150 ohm (resistance)
    > ANS * 10 mA
    1.5 volt (electrical_potential)

The result of the previous query can be accessed with _, ans or ANS, which can be convenient for breaking up calculations into multiple steps. Note that when rink returns an error occurs, the previous result is kept. Also, currently only the results of mathematical expressions are stored, the results for conversions aren’t.

  Prefixes

Units can be prefixed with SI prefixes as well as a number of non-SI prefixes, such as: quarter, double, kibi, mebi, ⅞.

Rink will accept plural unit names as well.

  Conversions

    > meter -> feet
    3.280839 foot (length)
    > 12 °C -> °F
    53.6 °F (temperature)

Conversions are done with the →, to, in operators.

The left hand side of the conversion is an arbitrary expression, and the right hand side is one of:

    • An arbitrary expression

    • A temperature scale (celsius, fahrenheit, and several historical scales)

    • A unit list (e.g. hour;min;sec)

    • A timezone (e.g. "US/Pacific")

  Unit lists

    > 2^17 seconds -> hour;min;sec
    36 hour, 24 minute, 32 s (time)
    > 2 km -> mi;ft
    1 mile, 1281.679 foot (length)
    > liter -> cup;tbsp;tsp
    4 uscup, 3 ustablespoon, 1.884136 usteaspoon (volume)

A unit list is a comma- or semicolon- delimited list of units with the same dimensionality, which can be used for breaking down numbers into more familiar quantities.

  Temperature conversion

    > 12 °C
    285.15 K (temperature)
    > 12 degC
    285.15 K (temperature)
    > 12 celsius
    285.15 K (temperature)

Temperature scales in Rink are handled a little specially, because only Kelvin and Rankine (the absolute zero version of Fahrenheit) start at absolute zero. As such, they are operators, not units. These operators have looser binding precedence than multiplication, but tighter than addition.

Available temperature scales:

degC, °C, celsius, ℃
    Celsius, the standard scale in most countries.

degF, °F, fahrenheit, ℉
    Fahrenheit, the scale used in households across the United States.

degRé, °Ré, degRe, °Re, réaumur, reaumur
    Réaumur, A historical scale once used throughout Europe.

degRø, °Rø, degRo, °Ro, rømer, romer
    Romer, Another historical scale.

degN, °N, degnewton
    Newton, A historical scale created by Isaac Newton.

degDe, °De, delisle
    Delisle, A historical scale which, alongside the original Celsius scale, is reversed from the scales we are used to today. Its zero point is boiling water, and the freezing point of water is 150°De.

Note that these temperature scale measurements are absolute measurements, not differences. If you wish to say something like "a difference of 1°C", then you must use the absolute scale for the scale you’re using. These are:

    • For Celsius, kelvin K

    • For Fahrenheit, Rankine degR

    • For Réaumur, reaumur_absolute (absolute as in the zero point is absolute zero)

    • For Rømer, romer_absolute

    • For Newton, newton_absolute

    • For Delisle, delisle_absolute

  Numeric base conversion

    > 1000 -> hex
    3e8 (dimensionless)
    > 10000 -> base 36
    7ps (dimensionless)
    > pi meter -> hex meter
    approx. 3.243f6a meter (length)

Base modifiers are specified with base followed by a number, followed by the rest of your conversion. Allowed bases are currently 2 through 36. There are some special base names which are also recognized:

hex, hexadecimal, base16
    Base 16.

oct, octal, base8
    Base 8.

bin, binary, base2
    Base 2.

  Digits modifier

    > 2^128 -> digits
    340282366920938463463374607431768211456 (dimensionless)
    > 1/3937 -> digits
    0.[000254000508001016002032004064008128016256032512065024130048260096520193040386080772161544323088646177292354584709169418338836677673355346710693421386842773685547371094742189484378968757937515875031750063500127, period 210]...  (dimensionless)
    > googol -> digits
    10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 (dimensionless)

Digits modifiers are specified with digits optionally followed by a number, before the base modifier and before the rest of the conversion. Any number of digits are allowed, but large amounts may not succeed.

The function of this modifier is that it forces the entire integer part to be printed (i.e., scientific notation will not be used), and then it prints an additional n digits, using the default if not specified.

Trancendental numbers currently cannot be precisely represented, so asking for many digits of pi or e will produce unsatisfying results.

Rink makes an attempt to find recurring decimals. If you ask it to print enough digits, it will find them.

Trigonometric and logarithmic functions are currently implemented using a machine-float fallback, because their results cannot be precisely represented as finite rationals. Because of this, asking for many digits of such numbers will also produce unsatisfying results.

  Units for

    > units for power
    Units for kg m^2 / s^3 (power): VA, airwatt, boilerhorsepower, brhorsepower,
    donkeypower, electrichorsepower, horsepower, lusec, mbh, metrichorsepower,
    poncelet, sccm, sccs, scfh, scfm, slph, slpm, solarluminosity,
    tonrefrigeration, waterhorsepower, watt

The units for, units of, and units commands will find more units which match the dimensionality of the one specified.

  Factorization

    > factorize velocity
    Factorizations: velocity;  frequency length;  area viscosity;
    acceleration time;  length^2 viscosity
    > factorize power
    Factorizations: power;  force velocity;  radiant_intensity solid_angle;
    area radiosity;  length spectral_flux_wavelength;  radiation_dose spectral_exposure_frequency;
    spectral_irradiance_wavelength volume;  temperature thermal_conductance;
    energy frequency;  current^2 resistance;  ...

Unit factorization is what Rink names the process of finding quantities which can be multiplied together to produce the original quantity. This can be useful for discovering new ways to construct a unit.

  Search

    > search milk
    Search results: milk (substance), mil (length), mile (length), mill (dimensionless), mi (length)

Allows you to search for units based on their names, returning up to 5 results and showing the associated physical quantity of the unit.

  Date and time

    > #jan 01, 1970#
    1970-01-01 00:00:00 +00:00 (46 years ago)
    > now - #jan 01, 1970# -> gigaseconds
    1.472083 gigaseconds (time)
    > #2016-08-24# + 500 weeks
    2026-03-25 00:00:00 +00:00 (in 9 years)

In addition to handling units, Rink is also capable of doing some calculations with dates and times.

Converting to a timezone:

    > now
    2022-08-08 21:19:56.990897100 -07:00 (now)
    > now -> "Europe/London"
    2022-08-09 05:20:03.656075600 BST (now)

Converting to a fixed offset:

    > now -> +01:00
    2022-08-09 05:20:30.080703900 +01:00 (now)

Inputting a time with an offset:

    > #apr 1, 2016 12:00:00 +01:00#
    2016-04-01 12:00:00 +01:00 (6 years ago)

  Substances

    > milk
    milk: density = 242 gram -> approx. 236588.2 millimeter^3
    > gallon milk
    milk: volume = approx. 3785411.7 millimeter^3; mass = 3.872 kilogram
    > egg
    egg: USA large egg. mass_shelled = 50 gram; mass_white = 30 gram;
    mass_yolk = 18.6 gram; volume = approx. 46824.75 millimeter^3;
    volume_white = approx. 29573.52 millimeter^3;
    volume_yolk = approx. 17251.22 millimeter^3
    > egg_shelled of kg egg
    20 (dimensionless)
    > gallon gasoline -> btu
    gasoline: volume = approx. 3785411.7 millimeter^3; energy_HHV = 125000 btu; energy_LHV = 115000 btu

Substances are how Rink organizes the physical properties of materials, objects, both countable and uncountable. Each substance has a name, an associated amount (defaulting to dimensionless 1), and a set of associated properties.

Each property maps a named input into a named output and vice versa, and has a name itself. Countable objects often have properties with an input being dimensionless, so that you do not need to specify an amount to extract the property.

The properties of a substance are accessed with the of operator (<_property_> of <_substance_>), which reads a multiplication expression following it, so you may have to wrap it in parentheses.

Substances can be used in conversions, and can be added and multiplied to transform them. Multiplication will change the amount of the substance you have, so that you can write kg egg to specify one kilogram of eggs. Addition will combine certain properties (currently only molar_mass) to create a new substance entirely. Conversions of substances allow you to get multiple results simultaneously, for example if there are multiple different measurements of some property of the substance available.

If the result of a calculation results in a substance, Rink will show all of the properties applicable for the given amount.

REFERENCE

The full list of units is specified in the file definitions.units (see rink-defs(5)), but a small list of the most helpful ones will be listed here. It is intended that most units should be easy to guess the names of.

  SI derived

    • Newton N (force)

    • Pascal Pa (pressure)

    • Joule J (energy)

    • Watt W (power)

    • Coulomb C (charge)

    • Volt V (electrical potential)

    • Ohm (electrical resistance)

    • Siemens S (electrical conductance)

    • Farad F (capacitance)

    • Weber Wb (magnetic flux)

    • Henry H (inductance)

    • Tesla T (magnetic flux density)

    • Hertz Hz (frequency)

    • Lumen lm (luminous flux)

    • Lux lx (illuminance)

    • Gray Gy (radiation dose)

    • Katal kat (catalytic activity)

  Substances

Compounds and materials

        • Water water

        • Ammonia ammonia

        • Freon freon

        • Tissue tissue

        • Diamond diamond

        • Graphite graphite

        • Water ice ice

        • Asphalt asphalt

        • Brick brick

        • Concrete cocnrete

        • Silica glass glass_silica

        • Flint glass glass_flint

        • Pyrex glass glass_pyrex

        • Gypsum gypsum

        • Marble marble

        • Sand sand

        • Soil soil

        • Air air

Particles

        • Electron electron

        • Proton proton

        • Neutron neutron

        • Deuterium nucleus deuteron

        • Muon muon

        • Helium nucleus helion

        • Tau tauparticle

        • Alpha alphaparticle

        • Tritium nucleus triton

Celestial bodies

        • Sun sun

        • Mercury mercury_planet

        • Venus venus

        • Earth earth

        • Earth’s moon moon

        • Mars mars

        • Jupiter jupiter

        • Saturn saturn

        • Uranus uranus

        • Neptune neptune

        • Pluto pluto

Fuels

        • Crude oil oil

        • Coal coal

        • Natural gas naturalgas

        • Charcoal charcoal

        • Wood wood

        • Ethanol ethanol

        • Diesel diesel

        • Gasoline gasoline

        • Heating oil heating_oil

        • Fuel oil fueloil

        • Propane propane

        • Butane butane

Foods

        • Butter butter

        • Clarified butter butter_clarified

        • Cocoa butter cocoa_butter

        • Vegetable shortening shortening

        • Vegetable oil vegetable_oil

        • Olive oil olive_oil

        • Flour cakeflour, flour, breadflour

        • Corn starch cornstarch

        • Cocoa dutchcocoa, cocoa

        • Heavy cream heavycream

        • Milk milk

        • Sour cream sourcream

        • Molasses molasses

        • Corn syrup corrnsyrup

        • Honey honey

        • Sugar sugar

        • Powdered sugar powdered_sugar

        • Brown sugar brownsugar_light, brownsugar_dark

        • Baking powder baking_powder

        • Salt salt, koshersalt

        • Egg egg

Elements 1 through 118, by name (e.g. helium)

  Constants

    • Pi pi

    • Speed of light c

    • Planck Constant planck_constant

    • Gravitational Constant G

    • Avogadro’s number avogadro

    • Gas Constant gasconstant

    • Boltzmann Constant boltzmann

    • Earth Gravity gravity, force

    • Earth Atmosphere Density atm

  Currencies

These are only available if live currency fetching is enabled. (See rink(5).)

    • EU Euro EUR, €

    • US dollar USD, $, dollar

    • Japan yen JPY, ¥, yen

    • Bulgaria lev BGN

    • Czech koruna CZK

    • Denmark kroner DKK

    • UK pound GBP, £

    • Hungary forint HUF

    • Poland złoty PLN

    • Romania lei RON

    • Sweden krona SEK

    • Switzerland franc CHF

    • Norway krone NOK

    • Croatia kuna HRK

    • Russia ruble RUB, ₽

    • Turkey lira TRY, ₺

    • Australia dollar AUD, A$

    • Brazil real BRL, R$

    • Canada dollar CAD, C$

    • PRC yuan CNY

    • Hong Kong dollar HKD, H$

    • Indonesia rupiah IDR

    • Israel shekel ILS, ₪

    • India rupee INR, ₹

    • South Korea won ₩

    • Mexico dollar MXN, mex$

    • Malaysia ringgit MYR

    • New Zealand dollar NZD, NZ$

    • Phillipines piso PHP, ₱

    • Singapore dollar SGD, S$

    • Thailand baht THB, ฿

    • South Africa rand ZAR

  Functions

Currently, all of these result in machine float fallback, because their results are real numbers that cannot be precisely represented as rationals.

    • sqrt(x): Square root, √x.

    • exp(x): The exponential function, e^x.

    • ln(x): The natural logarithm, log_e(x).

    • log(x,y): Logarithm in base y, log_y(x).

    • log2(x): Logarithm in base 2, log_2(x).

    • log10(x): Logarithm in base 10, log_10(x).

    • hypot(x,y): The length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle given adjacent edges of length x and y.

    • sin(x): The sine function.

    • cos(x): The cosine function.

    • tan(x): The tangent function.

    • asin(x): Inverse sine, or arcsine.

    • acos(x): Inverse cosine, or arccosine.

    • atan(x): Inverse tangent, or arctangent.

    • atan2(x, y): Four-quadrant arctangent, which can be used to reverse sine+cosine back into an angle.

    • sinh(x): Hyperbolic sine.

    • cosh(x): Hyperbolic cosine.

    • tanh(x): Hyperbolic tangent.

    • asinh(x): Inverse hyperbolic sine function.

    • acosh(x): Inverse hyperbolic cosine function.

    • atanh(x): Inverse hyperbolic tangent function.

SEE ALSO

rink(1), rink(5), rink-defs(5), rink-dates(5)