### Function Reference: `slicesample`

statistics: [smpl, neval] = slicesample (start, nsamples, property, value, …)

Draws nsamples samples from a target stationary distribution pdf using slice sampling of Radford M. Neal.

Input:

- start is a 1 by dim vector of the starting point of the Markov chain. Each column corresponds to a different dimension.
- nsamples is the number of samples, the length of the Markov chain.

Next, several property-value pairs can or must be specified, they are:

(Required properties) One of:

- "pdf": the value is a function handle of the target stationary distribution to be sampled. The function should accept different locations in each row and each column corresponds to a different dimension.

  or

- logpdf: the value is a function handle of the log of the target stationary distribution to be sampled. The function should accept different locations in each row and each column corresponds to a different dimension.

The following input property/pair values may be needed depending on the desired outut:

- "burnin" burnin the number of points to discard at the beginning, the default is 0.
- "thin" thin omitts m-1 of every m points in the generated Markov chain. The default is 1.
- "width" width the maximum Manhattan distance between two samples. The default is 10.

Outputs:

- smpl is a nsamples by dim matrix of random values drawn from pdf where the rows are different random values, the columns correspond to the dimensions of pdf.
- neval is the number of function evaluations per sample.

Example : Sampling from a normal distribution

     start = 1;
     nsamples = 1e3;
     pdf = @(x) exp (-.5 * x .^ 2) / (pi ^ .5 * 2 ^ .5);
     [smpl, accept] = slicesample (start, nsamples, "pdf", pdf, "thin", 4);
     histfit (smpl);

See also: rand, mhsample, randsample

Source Code: slicesample

### Example: 1

     ## Define function to sample
     d = 2;
     mu = [-1; 2];
     rand ("seed", 5)  # for reproducibility
     Sigma = rand (d);
     Sigma = (Sigma + Sigma');
     Sigma += eye (d)*abs (eigs (Sigma, 1, "sa")) * 1.1;
     pdf = @(x)(2*pi)^(-d/2)*det(Sigma)^-.5*exp(-.5*sum((x.'-mu).*(Sigma\(x.'-mu)),1));

     ## Inputs
     start = ones (1,2);
     nsamples = 500;
     K = 500;
     m = 10;
     rande ("seed", 4);  rand ("seed", 5)  # for reproducibility
     [smpl, accept] = slicesample (start, nsamples, "pdf", pdf, "burnin", K, "thin", m, "width", [20, 30]);
     figure;
     hold on;
     plot (smpl(:,1), smpl(:,2), 'x');
     [x, y] = meshgrid (linspace (-6,4), linspace(-3,7));
     z = reshape (pdf ([x(:), y(:)]), size(x));
     mesh (x, y, z, "facecolor", "None");

     ## Using sample points to find the volume of half a sphere with radius of .5
     f = @(x) ((.25-(x(:,1)+1).^2-(x(:,2)-2).^2).^.5.*(((x(:,1)+1).^2+(x(:,2)-2).^2)<.25)).';
     int = mean (f (smpl) ./ pdf (smpl));
     errest = std (f (smpl) ./ pdf (smpl)) / nsamples^.5;
     trueerr = abs (2/3*pi*.25^(3/2)-int);
     fprintf ("Monte Carlo integral estimate int f(x) dx = %f\n", int);
     fprintf ("Monte Carlo integral error estimate %f\n", errest);
     fprintf ("The actual error %f\n", trueerr);
     mesh (x,y,reshape (f([x(:), y(:)]), size(x)), "facecolor", "None");

    Monte Carlo integral estimate int f(x) dx = 0.228408
    Monte Carlo integral error estimate 0.029831
    The actual error 0.033392

### Example: 2

     ## Integrate truncated normal distribution to find normilization constant
     pdf = @(x) exp (-.5*x.^2)/(pi^.5*2^.5);
     nsamples = 1e3;
     rande ("seed", 4);  rand ("seed", 5)  # for reproducibility
     [smpl, accept] = slicesample (1, nsamples, "pdf", pdf, "thin", 4);
     f = @(x) exp (-.5 * x .^ 2) .* (x >= -2 & x <= 2);
     x = linspace (-3, 3, 1000);
     area (x, f(x));
     xlabel ("x");
     ylabel ("f(x)");
     int = mean (f (smpl) ./ pdf (smpl));
     errest = std (f (smpl) ./ pdf (smpl)) / nsamples ^ 0.5;
     trueerr = abs (erf (2 ^ 0.5) * 2 ^ 0.5 * pi ^ 0.5 - int);
     fprintf("Monte Carlo integral estimate int f(x) dx = %f\n", int);
     fprintf("Monte Carlo integral error estimate %f\n", errest);
     fprintf("The actual error %f\n", trueerr);

    Monte Carlo integral estimate int f(x) dx = 2.376284
    Monte Carlo integral error estimate 0.017608
    The actual error 0.016292