/*=========================================================================
 *
 *  Copyright NumFOCUS
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 *
 *=========================================================================*/
#ifndef itkVectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter_hxx
#define itkVectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter_hxx

#include "itkMacro.h"
#include "itkImageRegionIterator.h"
#include "itkVectorMeanImageFunction.h"
#include "itkCovarianceImageFunction.h"
#include "itkBinaryThresholdImageFunction.h"
#include "itkFloodFilledImageFunctionConditionalIterator.h"
#include "itkNumericTraitsRGBPixel.h"
#include "itkProgressReporter.h"
#include "itkPrintHelper.h"

namespace itk
{

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter()
{
  m_Multiplier = 2.5;
  m_NumberOfIterations = 4;
  m_Seeds.clear();
  m_InitialNeighborhoodRadius = 1;
  m_ReplaceValue = NumericTraits<OutputImagePixelType>::OneValue();
  m_ThresholdFunction = DistanceThresholdFunctionType::New();
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::PrintSelf(std::ostream & os, Indent indent) const
{
  using namespace print_helper;

  Superclass::PrintSelf(os, indent);

  os << indent << "Seeds: " << m_Seeds << std::endl;
  os << indent << "Multiplier: " << m_Multiplier << std::endl;
  os << indent << "NumberOfIterations: " << m_NumberOfIterations << std::endl;
  os << indent
     << "ReplaceValue: " << static_cast<typename NumericTraits<OutputImagePixelType>::PrintType>(m_ReplaceValue)
     << std::endl;
  os << indent << "InitialNeighborhoodRadius: " << m_InitialNeighborhoodRadius << std::endl;

  itkPrintSelfObjectMacro(ThresholdFunction);
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::SetSeed(const IndexType & seed)
{
  this->ClearSeeds();
  this->AddSeed(seed);
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::AddSeed(const IndexType & seed)
{
  m_Seeds.push_back(seed);
  this->Modified();
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::ClearSeeds()
{
  if (!this->m_Seeds.empty())
  {
    this->m_Seeds.clear();
    this->Modified();
  }
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::GenerateInputRequestedRegion()
{
  Superclass::GenerateInputRequestedRegion();
  if (this->GetInput())
  {
    InputImagePointer input = const_cast<TInputImage *>(this->GetInput());
    input->SetRequestedRegionToLargestPossibleRegion();
  }
}


template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::EnlargeOutputRequestedRegion(DataObject * output)
{
  Superclass::EnlargeOutputRequestedRegion(output);
  output->SetRequestedRegionToLargestPossibleRegion();
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
void
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::GenerateData()
{
  using InputPixelType = typename InputImageType::PixelType;

  using SecondFunctionType = BinaryThresholdImageFunction<OutputImageType>;
  using IteratorType = FloodFilledImageFunctionConditionalIterator<OutputImageType, DistanceThresholdFunctionType>;
  using SecondIteratorType = FloodFilledImageFunctionConditionalConstIterator<InputImageType, SecondFunctionType>;

  unsigned int loop;

  typename Superclass::InputImageConstPointer inputImage = this->GetInput();
  typename Superclass::OutputImagePointer     outputImage = this->GetOutput();

  // Zero the output
  OutputImageRegionType region = outputImage->GetRequestedRegion();
  outputImage->SetBufferedRegion(region);
  outputImage->AllocateInitialized();

  // Compute the statistics of the seed point
  using VectorMeanImageFunctionType = VectorMeanImageFunction<InputImageType>;
  auto meanFunction = VectorMeanImageFunctionType::New();

  meanFunction->SetInputImage(inputImage);
  meanFunction->SetNeighborhoodRadius(m_InitialNeighborhoodRadius);
  using CovarianceImageFunctionType = CovarianceImageFunction<InputImageType>;
  auto varianceFunction = CovarianceImageFunctionType::New();
  varianceFunction->SetInputImage(inputImage);
  varianceFunction->SetNeighborhoodRadius(m_InitialNeighborhoodRadius);

  // Set up the image function used for connectivity
  m_ThresholdFunction->SetInputImage(inputImage);

  CovarianceMatrixType covariance;
  MeanVectorType       mean;

  using ComponentPixelType = typename InputPixelType::ValueType;
  using ComponentRealType = typename NumericTraits<ComponentPixelType>::RealType;

  const unsigned int dimension = inputImage->GetNumberOfComponentsPerPixel();

  covariance = CovarianceMatrixType(dimension, dimension);
  mean = MeanVectorType(dimension);

  covariance.fill(ComponentRealType{});
  mean.fill(ComponentRealType{});

  using MeanFunctionVectorType = typename VectorMeanImageFunctionType::OutputType;
  using CovarianceFunctionMatrixType = typename CovarianceImageFunctionType::OutputType;

  typename SeedsContainerType::const_iterator si = m_Seeds.begin();
  typename SeedsContainerType::const_iterator li = m_Seeds.end();
  SizeValueType                               seed_cnt = 0;
  while (si != li)
  {
    if (region.IsInside(*si))
    {
      ++seed_cnt;
      const MeanFunctionVectorType       meanContribution = meanFunction->EvaluateAtIndex(*si);
      const CovarianceFunctionMatrixType covarianceContribution = varianceFunction->EvaluateAtIndex(*si);
      for (unsigned int ii = 0; ii < dimension; ++ii)
      {
        mean[ii] += meanContribution[ii];
        for (unsigned int jj = 0; jj < dimension; ++jj)
        {
          covariance[ii][jj] += covarianceContribution[ii][jj];
        }
      }
    }
    ++si;
  }

  if (seed_cnt == 0)
  {
    this->UpdateProgress(1.0);
    // no seeds result in zero image
    return;
  }

  for (unsigned int ik = 0; ik < dimension; ++ik)
  {
    mean[ik] /= seed_cnt;
    for (unsigned int jk = 0; jk < dimension; ++jk)
    {
      covariance[ik][jk] /= seed_cnt;
    }
  }

  m_ThresholdFunction->SetMean(mean);
  m_ThresholdFunction->SetCovariance(covariance);

  m_ThresholdFunction->SetThreshold(m_Multiplier);

  itkDebugMacro("\nMultiplier originally = " << m_Multiplier);

  // Make sure that the multiplier is large enough to include the seed points
  // themselves.
  // This is a pragmatic fix, but a questionable practice because it means that
  // the actual
  // region may be grown using a multiplier different from the one specified by
  // the user.

  si = m_Seeds.begin();
  li = m_Seeds.end();
  while (si != li)
  {
    if (region.IsInside(*si))
    {
      const double distance = m_ThresholdFunction->EvaluateDistanceAtIndex(*si);
      if (distance > m_Multiplier)
      {
        m_Multiplier = distance;
      }
    }
    ++si;
  }

  // Finally setup the eventually modified multiplier. That is actually the
  // threshold itself.
  m_ThresholdFunction->SetThreshold(m_Multiplier);

  itkDebugMacro("\nMultiplier after verifying seeds inclusion = " << m_Multiplier);

  // Segment the image, the iterator walks the output image (so Set()
  // writes into the output image), starting at the seed point.  As
  // the iterator walks, if the corresponding pixel in the input image
  // (accessed via the "m_ThresholdFunction" assigned to the iterator) is within
  // the [lower, upper] bounds prescribed, the pixel is added to the
  // output segmentation and its neighbors become candidates for the
  // iterator to walk.
  IteratorType it(outputImage, m_ThresholdFunction, m_Seeds);
  it.GoToBegin();
  while (!it.IsAtEnd())
  {
    it.Set(m_ReplaceValue);
    ++it;
  }

  ProgressReporter progress(this, 0, region.GetNumberOfPixels() * m_NumberOfIterations);

  for (loop = 0; loop < m_NumberOfIterations; ++loop)
  {
    // Now that we have an initial segmentation, let's recalculate the
    // statistics.  Since we have already labelled the output, we visit
    // pixels in the input image that have been set in the output image.
    // Essentially, we flip the iterator around, so we walk the input
    // image (so Get() will get pixel values from the input) and constrain
    // iterator such it only visits pixels that were set in the output.
    auto secondFunction = SecondFunctionType::New();
    secondFunction->SetInputImage(outputImage);
    secondFunction->ThresholdBetween(m_ReplaceValue, m_ReplaceValue);

    covariance = CovarianceMatrixType(dimension, dimension);
    mean = MeanVectorType(dimension);

    covariance.fill(ComponentRealType{});
    mean.fill(ComponentRealType{});

    SizeValueType num{};

    SecondIteratorType sit(inputImage, secondFunction, m_Seeds);
    sit.GoToBegin();
    while (!sit.IsAtEnd())
    {
      const InputPixelType pixelValue = sit.Get();
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dimension; ++i)
      {
        const auto pixelValueI = static_cast<ComponentRealType>(pixelValue[i]);
        covariance[i][i] += pixelValueI * pixelValueI;
        mean[i] += pixelValueI;
        for (unsigned int j = i + 1; j < dimension; ++j)
        {
          const auto              pixelValueJ = static_cast<ComponentRealType>(pixelValue[j]);
          const ComponentRealType product = pixelValueI * pixelValueJ;
          covariance[i][j] += product;
          covariance[j][i] += product;
        }
      }
      ++num;
      ++sit;
    }
    for (unsigned int ii = 0; ii < dimension; ++ii)
    {
      mean[ii] /= static_cast<double>(num);
      for (unsigned int jj = 0; jj < dimension; ++jj)
      {
        covariance[ii][jj] /= static_cast<double>(num);
      }
    }

    for (unsigned int ik = 0; ik < dimension; ++ik)
    {
      for (unsigned int jk = 0; jk < dimension; ++jk)
      {
        covariance[ik][jk] -= mean[ik] * mean[jk];
      }
    }

    m_ThresholdFunction->SetMean(mean);
    m_ThresholdFunction->SetCovariance(covariance);

    // Rerun the segmentation, the iterator walks the output image,
    // starting at the seed point.  As the iterator walks, if the
    // corresponding pixel in the input image (accessed via the
    // "m_ThresholdFunction" assigned to the iterator) is within the [lower,
    // upper] bounds prescribed, the pixel is added to the output
    // segmentation and its neighbors become candidates for the
    // iterator to walk.
    outputImage->FillBuffer(OutputImagePixelType{});
    IteratorType thirdIt(outputImage, m_ThresholdFunction, m_Seeds);
    thirdIt.GoToBegin();
    try
    {
      while (!thirdIt.IsAtEnd())
      {
        thirdIt.Set(m_ReplaceValue);
        ++thirdIt;
        progress.CompletedPixel(); // potential exception thrown here
      }
    }
    catch (const ProcessAborted &)
    {
      break; // interrupt the iterations loop
    }
  } // end iteration loop

  if (this->GetAbortGenerateData())
  {
    ProcessAborted e(__FILE__, __LINE__);
    e.SetDescription("Process aborted.");
    e.SetLocation(ITK_LOCATION);
    throw e;
  }
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
auto
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::GetCovariance() const -> const CovarianceMatrixType &
{
  return m_ThresholdFunction->GetCovariance();
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
auto
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::GetMean() const -> const MeanVectorType &
{
  return m_ThresholdFunction->GetMean();
}

template <typename TInputImage, typename TOutputImage>
auto
VectorConfidenceConnectedImageFilter<TInputImage, TOutputImage>::GetSeeds() const -> const SeedsContainerType &
{
  itkDebugMacro("returning Seeds");
  return this->m_Seeds;
}

} // end namespace itk

#endif
