r.series.accumulate(1)

NAME
r.series.accumulate - Makes each output cell value a accumulationfunction of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.

KEYWORDS
raster, series, accumulation

SYNOPSIS
r.series.accumulate
r.series.accumulate --help
r.series.accumulate [-nzf] [basemap=name] [input=name[,name,...]] [file=name] output=name [scale=float] [shift=float] [lower=name] [upper=name] [range=min,max] [limits=lower,upper] [method=string] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

  Flags:

-n
    Propagate NULLs

-z
    Do not keep files open

-f
    Create a FCELL map (floating point single precision) as output

--overwrite
    Allow output files to overwrite existing files

--help
    Print usage summary

--verbose
    Verbose module output

--quiet
    Quiet module output

--ui
    Force launching GUI dialog

  Parameters:

basemap=name
    Existing map to be added to output

input=name[,name,...]
    Name of input raster map(s)

file=name
    Input file with raster map names, one per line

output=name [required]
    Name for output raster map

scale=float
    Scale factor for input
    Default: 1.0

shift=float
    Shift factor for input
    Default: 0.0

lower=name
    The raster map specifying the lower accumulation limit, also called baseline

upper=name
    The raster map specifying the upper accumulation limit, also called cutoff. Only applied to BEDD computation.

range=min,max
    Ignore values outside this range

limits=lower,upper
    Use these limits in case lower and/or upper input maps are not defined
    Default: 10,30

method=string
    This method will be applied to compute the accumulative values from the input maps
    Options: gdd, bedd, huglin, mean
    Default: gdd
    gdd: Growing Degree Days or Winkler indices
    bedd: Biologically Effective Degree Days
    huglin: Huglin Heliothermal index
    mean: Mean: sum(input maps)/(number of input maps)

DESCRIPTION
r.series.accumulate calculates (accumulated) raster value using growing degree days (GDDs)/Winkler indices’s, Biologically Effective Degree Days (BEDD), Huglin heliothermal indices or an average approach from several input maps for a given day. Accumulation of e.g. degree-days to growing degree days (GDDs) can be done by providing a basemap with GDDs of the previous day.

The flag -a determines the average computation of the input raster maps. In case the flag is not set, the average calculation is:

    average = (min + max) / 2

In case the flag was set, the calculation changes to arithmetic mean

    average = sum(input maps) / (number of input maps)

GDD Growing Degree Days are calculated as

    gdd = average - lower

In case the -a is set, the Winkler indices are calculated instead of GDD, usually accumulated for the period April 1st to October 31st (northern hemisphere) or the period October 1st to April 30th (southern hemisphere).

BEDDs Biologically Effective Degree Days are calculated as

    bedd = average - lower

with an optional upper cutoff applied to the average instead of the temperature values.

The Huglin heliothermal index is calculated as

    huglin = (average + max) / 2 - lower

usually accumulated for the period April 1st to September 30th (northern hemisphere) or the period September 1st to April 30th (southern hemisphere).

Mean raster values are calculated as

    mean = average

For all the formulas min is the minimum value, max the maximum value and average the average value. The min, max and average values are automatically calculated from the input maps.

The shift and scale values are applied directly to the input values. The lower and upper maps, as well as the range options are applied to constrain the accumulation. In case the lower and upper maps are not provided the limits option with default values will be applied.

If an existing map is provided with the basemap option, the values of this map are added to the output.

NOTES
The scale and shift parameters are used to transform input values with

    new = old * scale + shift

With the -n flag, any cell for which any of the corresponding input cells are NULL is automatically set to NULL (NULL propagation) and the accumulated value is not calculated.

Negative results are set to 0 (zero).

Without the -n flag, all non-NULL cells are used for calculation.

If the range= option is given, any values which fall outside that range will be treated as if they were NULL. Note that the range is applied to the scaled and shifted input data. The range parameter can be set to low,high thresholds: values outside of this range are treated as NULL (i.e., they will be ignored by most aggregates, or will cause the result to be NULL if -n is given). The low,high thresholds are floating point, so use -inf or inf for a single threshold (e.g., range=0,inf to ignore negative values, or range=-inf,-200.4 to ignore values above -200.4).

The maximum number of raster maps that can be processed is given by the user-specific limit of the operating system. For example, the soft limits for users are typically 1024 files. The soft limit can be changed with e.g. ulimit -n 4096 (UNIX-based operating systems) but it cannot be higher than the hard limit. If the latter is too low, you can as superuser add an entry in:

/etc/security/limits.conf
# <domain>      <type>  <item>         <value>
your_username  hard    nofile          4096

This will raise the hard limit to 4096 files. Also have a look at the overall limit of the operating system

cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max

which on modern Linux systems is several 100,000 files.

Use the -z flag to analyze large amounts of raster maps without hitting open files limit and the file option to avoid hitting the size limit of command line arguments. Note that the computation using the file option is slower than with the input option. For every single row in the output map(s) all input maps are opened and closed. The amount of RAM will rise linearly with the number of specified input maps. The input and file options are mutually exclusive: the former is a comma separated list of raster map names and the latter is a text file with a new line separated list of raster map names.

EXAMPLES
Example with MODIS Land Surface Temperature, transforming values from Kelvin * 50 to degrees Celsius:

r.series.accumulate in=MOD11A1.Day,MOD11A1.Night,MYD11A1.Day,MYD11A1.Night out=MCD11A1.GDD \
      scale=0.02 shift=-273.15 limits=10,30

SEE ALSO
g.list, g.region, r.series, r.series.interp

Hints for large raster data processing

REFERENCES

    •   Jones, G.V., Duff, A.A., Hall, A., Myers, J.W., 2010. Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape growing regions in the Western United States. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 61, 313-326.

AUTHORS
Markus Metz and Soeren Gebbert (based on r.series)

SOURCE CODE

Available at: r.series.accumulate source code (history)

Accessed: Friday Jun 05 19:25:31 2026

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