i.vi(1)

NAME
i.vi - Calculates different types of vegetation indices.
Uses red and nir bands mostly, and some indices require additional bands.

KEYWORDS
imagery, vegetation index, biophysical parameters, NDVI

SYNOPSIS
i.vi
i.vi --help
i.vi output=name viname=type [red=name] [nir=name] [green=name] [blue=name] [band5=name] [band7=name] [soil_line_slope=float] [soil_line_intercept=float] [soil_noise_reduction=float] [storage_bit=integer] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]

  Flags:

--overwrite
    Allow output files to overwrite existing files

--help
    Print usage summary

--verbose
    Verbose module output

--quiet
    Quiet module output

--ui
    Force launching GUI dialog

  Parameters:

output=name [required]
    Name for output raster map

viname=type [required]
    Type of vegetation index
    Options: arvi, dvi, evi, evi2, gvi, gari, gemi, ipvi, msavi, msavi2, ndvi, ndwi, pvi, savi, sr, vari, wdvi
    Default: ndvi
    arvi: Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
    dvi: Difference Vegetation Index
    evi: Enhanced Vegetation Index
    evi2: Enhanced Vegetation Index 2
    gvi: Green Vegetation Index
    gari: Green Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index
    gemi: Global Environmental Monitoring Index
    ipvi: Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index
    msavi: Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
    msavi2: second Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
    ndvi: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
    ndwi: Normalized Difference Water Index
    pvi: Perpendicular Vegetation Index
    savi: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index
    sr: Simple Ratio
    vari: Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index
    wdvi: Weighted Difference Vegetation Index

red=name
    Name of input red channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

nir=name
    Name of input nir channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

green=name
    Name of input green channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

blue=name
    Name of input blue channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

band5=name
    Name of input 5th channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

band7=name
    Name of input 7th channel surface reflectance map
    Range: [0.0;1.0]

soil_line_slope=float
    Value of the slope of the soil line (MSAVI only)

soil_line_intercept=float
    Value of the intercept of the soil line (MSAVI only)

soil_noise_reduction=float
    Value of the factor of reduction of soil noise (MSAVI only)

storage_bit=integer
    Maximum bits for digital numbers
    If data is in Digital Numbers (i.e. integer type), give the max bits (i.e. 8 for Landsat -> [0-255])
    Options: 7, 8, 10, 16
    Default: 8

DESCRIPTION
i.vi calculates vegetation indices based on biophysical parameters.

    •   ARVI: atmospherically resistant vegetation indices

    •   DVI: Difference Vegetation Index

    •   EVI: Enhanced Vegetation Index

    •   EVI2: Enhanced Vegetation Index 2

    •   GARI: Green atmospherically resistant vegetation index

    •   GEMI: Global Environmental Monitoring Index

    •   GVI: Green Vegetation Index

    •   IPVI: Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index

    •   MSAVI2: second Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

    •   MSAVI: Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

    •   NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

    •   NDWI: Normalized Difference Water Index

    •   PVI: Perpendicular Vegetation Index

    •   RVI: ratio vegetation index

    •   SAVI: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

    •   SR: Simple Vegetation ratio

    •   WDVI: Weighted Difference Vegetation Index

  Background for users new to remote sensing
Vegetation Indices are often considered the entry point of remote sensing for Earth land monitoring. They are suffering from their success, in terms that often people tend to harvest satellite images from online sources and use them directly in this module.

From Digital number to Radiance:
Satellite imagery is commonly stored in Digital Number (DN) for storage purposes; e.g., Landsat5 data is stored in 8bit values (ranging from 0 to 255), other satellites maybe stored in 10 or 16 bits. If the data is provided in DN, this implies that this imagery is "uncorrected". What this means is that the image is what the satellite sees at its position and altitude in space (stored in DN). This is not the signal at ground yet. We call this data at-satellite or at-sensor. Encoded in the 8bits (or more) is the amount of energy sensed by the sensor inside the satellite platform. This energy is called radiance-at-sensor. Generally, satellites image providers encode the radiance-at-sensor into 8bit (or more) through an affine transform equation (y=ax+b). In case of using Landsat imagery, look at the i.landsat.toar for an easy way to transform DN to radiance-at-sensor. If using Aster data, try the i.aster.toar module.

From Radiance to Reflectance:
Finally, once having obtained the radiance at sensor values, still the atmosphere is between sensor and Earth’s surface. This fact needs to be corrected to account for the atmospheric interaction with the sun energy that the vegetation reflects back into space. This can be done in two ways for Landsat. The simple way is through i.landsat.toar, use e.g. the DOS correction. The more accurate way is by using i.atcorr (which works for many satellite sensors). Once the atmospheric correction has been applied to the satellite data, data vales are called surface reflectance. Surface reflectance is ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 theoretically (and absolutely). This level of data correction is the proper level of correction to use with i.vi.

  Vegetation Indices
ARVI: Atmospheric Resistant Vegetation Index

ARVI is resistant to atmospheric effects (in comparison to the NDVI) and is accomplished by a self correcting process for the atmospheric effect in the red channel, using the difference in the radiance between the blue and the red channels (Kaufman and Tanre 1996).

arvi( redchan, nirchan, bluechan )
ARVI = (nirchan - (2.0*redchan - bluechan)) /
       ( nirchan + (2.0*redchan - bluechan))

DVI: Difference Vegetation Index

dvi( redchan, nirchan )
DVI = ( nirchan - redchan )

EVI: Enhanced Vegetation Index

The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) is an optimized index designed to enhance the vegetation signal with improved sensitivity in high biomass regions and improved vegetation monitoring through a de-coupling of the canopy background signal and a reduction in atmosphere influences (Huete A.R., Liu H.Q., Batchily K., van Leeuwen W. (1997). A comparison of vegetation indices global set of TM images for EOS-MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment, 59:440-451).

evi( bluechan, redchan, nirchan )
EVI = 2.5 * ( nirchan - redchan ) /
      ( nirchan + 6.0 * redchan - 7.5 * bluechan + 1.0 )

EVI2: Enhanced Vegetation Index 2

A 2-band EVI (EVI2), without a blue band, which has the best similarity with the 3-band EVI, particularly when atmospheric effects are insignificant and data quality is good (Zhangyan Jiang ; Alfredo R. Huete ; Youngwook Kim and Kamel Didan 2-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band and its application to AVHRR data. Proc. SPIE 6679, Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability IV, 667905 (october 09, 2007) doi:10.1117/12.734933).

evi2( redchan, nirchan )
EVI2 = 2.5 * ( nirchan - redchan ) /
       ( nirchan + 2.4 * redchan + 1.0 )

GARI: green atmospherically resistant vegetation index

The formula was actually defined: Gitelson, Anatoly A.; Kaufman, Yoram J.; Merzlyak, Mark N. (1996) Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS- MODIS, Remote Sensing of Environment 58 (3), 289-298. doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00072-7

gari( redchan, nirchan, bluechan, greenchan )
GARI = ( nirchan - (greenchan - (bluechan - redchan))) /
       ( nirchan + (greenchan - (bluechan - redchan)))

GEMI: Global Environmental Monitoring Index

gemi( redchan, nirchan )
GEMI = (( (2*((nirchan * nirchan)-(redchan * redchan)) +
       1.5*nirchan+0.5*redchan) / (nirchan + redchan + 0.5)) *
       (1 - 0.25 * (2*((nirchan * nirchan)-(redchan * redchan)) +
       1.5*nirchan+0.5*redchan) / (nirchan + redchan + 0.5))) -
       ( (redchan - 0.125) / (1 - redchan))

GVI: Green Vegetation Index

gvi( bluechan, greenchan, redchan, nirchan, chan5chan, chan7chan)
GVI = ( -0.2848 * bluechan - 0.2435 * greenchan -
      0.5436 * redchan + 0.7243 * nirchan + 0.0840 * chan5chan-
      0.1800 * chan7chan)

IPVI: Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index

ipvi( redchan, nirchan )
IPVI = nirchan/(nirchan+redchan)

MSAVI2: second Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

msavi2( redchan, nirchan )
MSAVI2 = (1/2)*(2*NIR+1-sqrt((2*NIR+1)^2-8*(NIR-red)))

MSAVI: Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

msavi( redchan, nirchan )
MSAVI = s(NIR-s*red-a) / (a*NIR+red-a*s+X*(1+s*s))

where a is the soil line intercept, s is the
soil line slope, and X     is an adjustment factor
which is set to minimize soil noise (0.08 in original papers).

NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

ndvi( redchan, nirchan )
Satellite specific band numbers ([NIR, Red]):
  MSS Bands        = [ 7,  5]
  TM1-5,7 Bands    = [ 4,  3]
  TM8 Bands        = [ 5,  4]
  Sentinel-2 Bands = [ 8,  4]
  AVHRR Bands      = [ 2,  1]
  SPOT XS Bands    = [ 3,  2]
  AVIRIS Bands     = [51, 29]
NDVI = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red)

NDWI: Normalized Difference Water Index (after McFeeters, 1996)

This index is suitable to detect water bodies.

ndwi( greenchan, nirchan )
NDWI = (green - NIR) / (green + NIR)

The water content of leaves can be estimated with another NDWI (after Gao, 1996):

ndwi( greenchan, nirchan )
NDWI = (NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)

This index is important for monitoring vegetation health (not implemented).

PVI: Perpendicular Vegetation Index

pvi( redchan, nirchan )
PVI = sin(a)NIR-cos(a)red

for a isovegetation lines (lines of equal vegetation) would all be parallel to the soil line therefore a=1.

SAVI: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index

savi( redchan, nirchan )
SAVI = ((1.0+0.5)*(nirchan - redchan)) / (nirchan + redchan +0.5)

SR: Simple Vegetation ratio

sr( redchan, nirchan )
SR = (nirchan/redchan)

VARI: Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index VARI was designed to introduce an atmospheric self-correction (Gitelson A.A., Kaufman Y.J., Stark R., Rundquist D., 2002. Novel algorithms for estimation of vegetation fraction Remote Sensing of Environment (80), pp76-87.)

vari = ( bluechan, greenchan, redchan )
VARI = (green - red ) / (green + red - blue)

WDVI: Weighted Difference Vegetation Index

wdvi( redchan, nirchan, soil_line_weight )
WDVI = nirchan - a * redchan
if(soil_weight_line == None):
   a = 1.0   #slope of soil line

EXAMPLES

  Calculation of DVI
The calculation of DVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.1 -p
i.vi blue=band.1 red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=dvi output=dvi
r.univar -e dvi

  Calculation of EVI
The calculation of EVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.1 -p
i.vi blue=band.1 red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=evi output=evi
r.univar -e evi

  Calculation of EVI2
The calculation of EVI2 from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=evi2 output=evi2
r.univar -e evi2

  Calculation of GARI
The calculation of GARI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.1 -p
i.vi blue=band.1 green=band.2 red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=gari output=gari
r.univar -e gari

  Calculation of GEMI
The calculation of GEMI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=gemi output=gemi
r.univar -e gemi

  Calculation of GVI
The calculation of GVI (Green Vegetation Index - Tasseled Cap) from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
# assuming Landsat-7
i.vi blue=band.1 green=band.2 red=band.3 nir=band.4 band5=band.5 band7=band.7 viname=gvi output=gvi
r.univar -e gvi

  Calculation of IPVI
The calculation of IPVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=ipvi output=ipvi
r.univar -e ipvi

  Calculation of MSAVI
The calculation of MSAVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=msavi output=msavi
r.univar -e msavi

  Calculation of NDVI
The calculation of NDVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=ndvi output=ndvi
r.univar -e ndvi

  Calculation of NDWI
The calculation of NDWI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.2 -p
i.vi green=band.2 nir=band.4 viname=ndwi output=ndwi
r.colors ndwi color=byg -n
r.univar -e ndwi

  Calculation of PVI
The calculation of PVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=pvi output=pvi
r.univar -e pvi

  Calculation of SAVI
The calculation of SAVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=savi output=savi
r.univar -e savi

  Calculation of SR
The calculation of SR from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi red=band.3 nir=band.4 viname=sr output=sr
r.univar -e sr

  Calculation of VARI
The calculation of VARI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=band.3 -p
i.vi blue=band.2 green=band.3 red=band.4 viname=vari output=vari
r.univar -e vari

  Landsat TM7 example
The following examples are based on a LANDSAT TM7 scene included in the North Carolina sample dataset.

  Preparation: DN to reflectance
As a first step, the original DN (digital number) pixel values must be converted to reflectance using i.landsat.toar. To do so, we make a copy (or rename the channels) to match i.landsat.toar’s input scheme:

g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_10,lsat7_2002.1
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_20,lsat7_2002.2
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_30,lsat7_2002.3
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_40,lsat7_2002.4
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_50,lsat7_2002.5
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_61,lsat7_2002.61
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_62,lsat7_2002.62
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_70,lsat7_2002.7
g.copy raster=lsat7_2002_80,lsat7_2002.8

Calculation of reflectance values from DN using DOS1 (metadata obtained from p016r035_7x20020524.met.gz):

i.landsat.toar input=lsat7_2002. output=lsat7_2002_toar. sensor=tm7 \
  method=dos1 date=2002-05-24 sun_elevation=64.7730999 \
  product_date=2004-02-12 gain=HHHLHLHHL

The resulting Landsat channels are names lsat7_2002_toar.1 .. lsat7_2002_toar.8.

  Calculation of NDVI
The calculation of NDVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=lsat7_2002_toar.3 -p
i.vi red=lsat7_2002_toar.3 nir=lsat7_2002_toar.4 viname=ndvi \
     output=lsat7_2002.ndvi
r.colors lsat7_2002.ndvi color=ndvi
d.mon wx0
d.rast.leg lsat7_2002.ndvi

North Carolina dataset: NDVI

  Calculation of ARVI
The calculation of ARVI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=lsat7_2002_toar.3 -p
i.vi blue=lsat7_2002_toar.1 red=lsat7_2002_toar.3 nir=lsat7_2002_toar.4 \
     viname=arvi output=lsat7_2002.arvi
d.mon wx0
d.rast.leg lsat7_2002.arvi

North Carolina dataset: ARVI

  Calculation of GARI
The calculation of GARI from the reflectance values is done as follows:

g.region raster=lsat7_2002_toar.3 -p
i.vi blue=lsat7_2002_toar.1 green=lsat7_2002_toar.2 red=lsat7_2002_toar.3 \
     nir=lsat7_2002_toar.4 viname=gari output=lsat7_2002.gari
d.mon wx0
d.rast.leg lsat7_2002.gari

North Carolina dataset: GARI

NOTES
Originally from kepler.gps.caltech.edu (FAQ):

A FAQ on Vegetation in Remote Sensing
Written by Terrill W. Ray, Div. of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, email: terrill@mars1.gps.caltech.edu

Snail Mail: Terrill Ray
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences
Caltech, Mail Code 170-25
Pasadena, CA 91125

SEE ALSO
i.albedo, i.aster.toar, i.landsat.toar, i.atcorr, i.tasscap

REFERENCES
AVHRR, Landsat TM5:

    •   Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., 1995. Regionalization of surface flux densities and moisture indicators in composite terrain; a remote sensing approach under clear skies in mediterranean climates. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural Univ., The Netherland, 271 pp. (PDF)

    •   Index DataBase: List of available Indices

AUTHORS
Baburao Kamble, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Yann Chemin, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

SOURCE CODE

Available at: i.vi source code (history)

Accessed: Friday Jun 05 19:26:37 2026

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