54.7. Message Formats
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## 54.7. Message Formats #

This section describes the detailed format of each message. Each is marked to indicate that it can be sent by a frontend (F), a backend (B), or both (F & B). Notice that although each message includes a byte count at the beginning, most messages are defined so that the message end can be found without reference to the byte count. This is for historical reasons, as the original, now-obsolete protocol version 2 did not have an explicit length field. It also aids validity checking though.

AuthenticationOk (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(0)

    Specifies that the authentication was successful.

AuthenticationKerberosV5 (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(2)

    Specifies that Kerberos V5 authentication is required.

AuthenticationCleartextPassword (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(3)

    Specifies that a clear-text password is required.

AuthenticationMD5Password (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(12)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(5)

    Specifies that an MD5-encrypted password is required.

  Byte4

    The salt to use when encrypting the password.

AuthenticationGSS (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(7)

    Specifies that GSSAPI authentication is required.

AuthenticationGSSContinue (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(8)

    Specifies that this message contains GSSAPI or SSPI data.

  Byte`n`

    GSSAPI or SSPI authentication data.

AuthenticationSSPI (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(9)

    Specifies that SSPI authentication is required.

AuthenticationSASL (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(10)

    Specifies that SASL authentication is required.

  The message body is a list of SASL authentication mechanisms, in the server's order of preference. A zero byte is required as terminator after the last authentication mechanism name. For each mechanism, there is the following:

  String

    Name of a SASL authentication mechanism.

AuthenticationSASLContinue (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(11)

    Specifies that this message contains a SASL challenge.

  Byte`n`

    SASL data, specific to the SASL mechanism being used.

AuthenticationSASLFinal (B) #
  Byte1('R')

    Identifies the message as an authentication request.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(12)

    Specifies that SASL authentication has completed.

  Byte`n`

    SASL outcome "additional data", specific to the SASL mechanism being used.

BackendKeyData (B) #
  Byte1('K')

    Identifies the message as cancellation key data. The frontend must save these values if it wishes to be able to issue CancelRequest messages later.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32

    The process ID of this backend.

  Byte`n`

    The secret key of this backend. This field extends to the end of the message, indicated by the length field.

    The minimum and maximum key length are 4 and 256 bytes, respectively. The PostgreSQL server only sends keys up to 32 bytes, but the larger maximum size allows for future server versions, as well as connection poolers and other middleware, to use longer keys. One possible use case is augmenting the server's key with extra information. Middleware is therefore also encouraged to not use up all of the bytes, in case multiple middleware applications are layered on top of each other, each of which may wrap the key with extra data.

  Before protocol version 3.2, the secret key was always 4 bytes long.

Bind (F) #
  Byte1('B')

    Identifies the message as a Bind command.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The name of the destination portal (an empty string selects the unnamed portal).

  String

    The name of the source prepared statement (an empty string selects the unnamed prepared statement).

  Int16

    The number of parameter format codes that follow (denoted `C` below). This can be zero to indicate that there are no parameters or that the parameters all use the default format (text); or one, in which case the specified format code is applied to all parameters; or it can equal the actual number of parameters.

  Int16[`C`]

    The parameter format codes. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary).

  Int16

    The number of parameter values that follow (possibly zero). This must match the number of parameters needed by the query.

  Next, the following pair of fields appear for each parameter:

  Int32

    The length of the parameter value, in bytes (this count does not include itself). Can be zero. As a special case, -1 indicates a NULL parameter value. No value bytes follow in the NULL case.

  Byte`n`

    The value of the parameter, in the format indicated by the associated format code. `n` is the above length.

  After the last parameter, the following fields appear:

  Int16

    The number of result-column format codes that follow (denoted `R` below). This can be zero to indicate that there are no result columns or that the result columns should all use the default format (text); or one, in which case the specified format code is applied to all result columns (if any); or it can equal the actual number of result columns of the query.

  Int16[`R`]

    The result-column format codes. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary).

BindComplete (B) #
  Byte1('2')

    Identifies the message as a Bind-complete indicator.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

CancelRequest (F) #
  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(80877102)

    The cancel request code. The value is chosen to contain `1234` in the most significant 16 bits, and `5678` in the least significant 16 bits. (To avoid confusion, this code must not be the same as any protocol version number.)

  Int32

    The process ID of the target backend.

  Byte`n`

    The secret key for the target backend. This field extends to the end of the message, indicated by the length field. The maximum key length is 256 bytes.

  Before protocol version 3.2, the secret key was always 4 bytes long.

Close (F) #
  Byte1('C')

    Identifies the message as a Close command.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte1

    '`S`' to close a prepared statement; or '`P`' to close a portal.

  String

    The name of the prepared statement or portal to close (an empty string selects the unnamed prepared statement or portal).

CloseComplete (B) #
  Byte1('3')

    Identifies the message as a Close-complete indicator.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

CommandComplete (B) #
  Byte1('C')

    Identifies the message as a command-completed response.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The command tag. This is usually a single word that identifies which SQL command was completed.

    For an `INSERT` command, the tag is `INSERT `oid` `rows``, where `rows` is the number of rows inserted. `oid` used to be the object ID of the inserted row if `rows` was 1 and the target table had OIDs, but OIDs system columns are not supported anymore; therefore `oid` is always 0.

    For a `DELETE` command, the tag is `DELETE `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows deleted.

    For an `UPDATE` command, the tag is `UPDATE `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows updated.

    For a `MERGE` command, the tag is `MERGE `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows inserted, updated, or deleted.

    For a `SELECT` or `CREATE TABLE AS` command, the tag is `SELECT `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows retrieved.

    For a `MOVE` command, the tag is `MOVE `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows the cursor's position has been changed by.

    For a `FETCH` command, the tag is `FETCH `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows that have been retrieved from the cursor.

    For a `COPY` command, the tag is `COPY `rows`` where `rows` is the number of rows copied. (Note: the row count appears only in PostgreSQL 8.2 and later.)

CopyData (F & B) #
  Byte1('d')

    Identifies the message as `COPY` data.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte`n`

    Data that forms part of a `COPY` data stream. Messages sent from the backend will always correspond to single data rows, but messages sent by frontends might divide the data stream arbitrarily.

CopyDone (F & B) #
  Byte1('c')

    Identifies the message as a `COPY`-complete indicator.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

CopyFail (F) #
  Byte1('f')

    Identifies the message as a `COPY`-failure indicator.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    An error message to report as the cause of failure.

CopyInResponse (B) #
  Byte1('G')

    Identifies the message as a Start Copy In response. The frontend must now send copy-in data (if not prepared to do so, send a CopyFail message).

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int8

    0 indicates the overall `COPY` format is textual (rows separated by newlines, columns separated by separator characters, etc.). 1 indicates the overall copy format is binary (similar to DataRow format). See COPY for more information.

  Int16

    The number of columns in the data to be copied (denoted `N` below).

  Int16[`N`]

    The format codes to be used for each column. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary). All must be zero if the overall copy format is textual.

CopyOutResponse (B) #
  Byte1('H')

    Identifies the message as a Start Copy Out response. This message will be followed by copy-out data.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int8

    0 indicates the overall `COPY` format is textual (rows separated by newlines, columns separated by separator characters, etc.). 1 indicates the overall copy format is binary (similar to DataRow format). See COPY for more information.

  Int16

    The number of columns in the data to be copied (denoted `N` below).

  Int16[`N`]

    The format codes to be used for each column. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary). All must be zero if the overall copy format is textual.

CopyBothResponse (B) #
  Byte1('W')

    Identifies the message as a Start Copy Both response. This message is used only for Streaming Replication.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int8

    0 indicates the overall `COPY` format is textual (rows separated by newlines, columns separated by separator characters, etc.). 1 indicates the overall copy format is binary (similar to DataRow format). See COPY for more information.

  Int16

    The number of columns in the data to be copied (denoted `N` below).

  Int16[`N`]

    The format codes to be used for each column. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary). All must be zero if the overall copy format is textual.

DataRow (B) #
  Byte1('D')

    Identifies the message as a data row.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int16

    The number of column values that follow (possibly zero).

  Next, the following pair of fields appear for each column:

  Int32

    The length of the column value, in bytes (this count does not include itself). Can be zero. As a special case, -1 indicates a NULL column value. No value bytes follow in the NULL case.

  Byte`n`

    The value of the column, in the format indicated by the associated format code. `n` is the above length.

Describe (F) #
  Byte1('D')

    Identifies the message as a Describe command.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte1

    '`S`' to describe a prepared statement; or '`P`' to describe a portal.

  String

    The name of the prepared statement or portal to describe (an empty string selects the unnamed prepared statement or portal).

EmptyQueryResponse (B) #
  Byte1('I')

    Identifies the message as a response to an empty query string. (This substitutes for CommandComplete.)

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

ErrorResponse (B) #
  Byte1('E')

    Identifies the message as an error.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  The message body consists of one or more identified fields, followed by a zero byte as a terminator. Fields can appear in any order. For each field there is the following:

  Byte1

    A code identifying the field type; if zero, this is the message terminator and no string follows. The presently defined field types are listed in Section 54.8. Since more field types might be added in future, frontends should silently ignore fields of unrecognized type.

  String

    The field value.

Execute (F) #
  Byte1('E')

    Identifies the message as an Execute command.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The name of the portal to execute (an empty string selects the unnamed portal).

  Int32

    Maximum number of rows to return, if portal contains a query that returns rows (ignored otherwise). Zero denotes “no limit”.

Flush (F) #
  Byte1('H')

    Identifies the message as a Flush command.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

FunctionCall (F) #
  Byte1('F')

    Identifies the message as a function call.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32

    Specifies the object ID of the function to call.

  Int16

    The number of argument format codes that follow (denoted `C` below). This can be zero to indicate that there are no arguments or that the arguments all use the default format (text); or one, in which case the specified format code is applied to all arguments; or it can equal the actual number of arguments.

  Int16[`C`]

    The argument format codes. Each must presently be zero (text) or one (binary).

  Int16

    Specifies the number of arguments being supplied to the function.

  Next, the following pair of fields appear for each argument:

  Int32

    The length of the argument value, in bytes (this count does not include itself). Can be zero. As a special case, -1 indicates a NULL argument value. No value bytes follow in the NULL case.

  Byte`n`

    The value of the argument, in the format indicated by the associated format code. `n` is the above length.

  After the last argument, the following field appears:

  Int16

    The format code for the function result. Must presently be zero (text) or one (binary).

FunctionCallResponse (B) #
  Byte1('V')

    Identifies the message as a function call result.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32

    The length of the function result value, in bytes (this count does not include itself). Can be zero. As a special case, -1 indicates a NULL function result. No value bytes follow in the NULL case.

  Byte`n`

    The value of the function result, in the format indicated by the associated format code. `n` is the above length.

GSSENCRequest (F) #
  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(80877104)

    The GSSAPI Encryption request code. The value is chosen to contain `1234` in the most significant 16 bits, and `5680` in the least significant 16 bits. (To avoid confusion, this code must not be the same as any protocol version number.)

GSSResponse (F) #
  Byte1('p')

    Identifies the message as a GSSAPI or SSPI response. Note that this is also used for SASL and password response messages. The exact message type can be deduced from the context.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte`n`

    GSSAPI/SSPI specific message data.

NegotiateProtocolVersion (B) #
  Byte1('v')

    Identifies the message as a protocol version negotiation message.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32

    Newest minor protocol version supported by the server for the major protocol version requested by the client.

  Int32

    Number of protocol options not recognized by the server.

  Then, for protocol option not recognized by the server, there is the following:

  String

    The option name.

NoData (B) #
  Byte1('n')

    Identifies the message as a no-data indicator.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

NoticeResponse (B) #
  Byte1('N')

    Identifies the message as a notice.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  The message body consists of one or more identified fields, followed by a zero byte as a terminator. Fields can appear in any order. For each field there is the following:

  Byte1

    A code identifying the field type; if zero, this is the message terminator and no string follows. The presently defined field types are listed in Section 54.8. Since more field types might be added in future, frontends should silently ignore fields of unrecognized type.

  String

    The field value.

NotificationResponse (B) #
  Byte1('A')

    Identifies the message as a notification response.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32

    The process ID of the notifying backend process.

  String

    The name of the channel that the notify has been raised on.

  String

    The “payload” string passed from the notifying process.

ParameterDescription (B) #
  Byte1('t')

    Identifies the message as a parameter description.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int16

    The number of parameters used by the statement (can be zero).

  Then, for each parameter, there is the following:

  Int32

    Specifies the object ID of the parameter data type.

ParameterStatus (B) #
  Byte1('S')

    Identifies the message as a run-time parameter status report.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The name of the run-time parameter being reported.

  String

    The current value of the parameter.

Parse (F) #
  Byte1('P')

    Identifies the message as a Parse command.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The name of the destination prepared statement (an empty string selects the unnamed prepared statement).

  String

    The query string to be parsed.

  Int16

    The number of parameter data types specified (can be zero). Note that this is not an indication of the number of parameters that might appear in the query string, only the number that the frontend wants to prespecify types for.

  Then, for each parameter, there is the following:

  Int32

    Specifies the object ID of the parameter data type. Placing a zero here is equivalent to leaving the type unspecified.

ParseComplete (B) #
  Byte1('1')

    Identifies the message as a Parse-complete indicator.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

PasswordMessage (F) #
  Byte1('p')

    Identifies the message as a password response. Note that this is also used for GSSAPI, SSPI and SASL response messages. The exact message type can be deduced from the context.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The password (encrypted, if requested).

PortalSuspended (B) #
  Byte1('s')

    Identifies the message as a portal-suspended indicator. Note this only appears if an Execute message's row-count limit was reached.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

Query (F) #
  Byte1('Q')

    Identifies the message as a simple query.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    The query string itself.

ReadyForQuery (B) #
  Byte1('Z')

    Identifies the message type. ReadyForQuery is sent whenever the backend is ready for a new query cycle.

  Int32(5)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte1

    Current backend transaction status indicator. Possible values are '`I`' if idle (not in a transaction block); '`T`' if in a transaction block; or '`E`' if in a failed transaction block (queries will be rejected until block is ended).

RowDescription (B) #
  Byte1('T')

    Identifies the message as a row description.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int16

    Specifies the number of fields in a row (can be zero).

  Then, for each field, there is the following:

  String

    The field name.

  Int32

    If the field can be identified as a column of a specific table, the object ID of the table; otherwise zero.

  Int16

    If the field can be identified as a column of a specific table, the attribute number of the column; otherwise zero.

  Int32

    The object ID of the field's data type.

  Int16

    The data type size (see `pg_type.typlen`). Note that negative values denote variable-width types.

  Int32

    The type modifier (see `pg_attribute.atttypmod`). The meaning of the modifier is type-specific.

  Int16

    The format code being used for the field. Currently will be zero (text) or one (binary). In a RowDescription returned from the statement variant of Describe, the format code is not yet known and will always be zero.

SASLInitialResponse (F) #
  Byte1('p')

    Identifies the message as an initial SASL response. Note that this is also used for GSSAPI, SSPI and password response messages. The exact message type is deduced from the context.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  String

    Name of the SASL authentication mechanism that the client selected.

  Int32

    Length of SASL mechanism specific "Initial Client Response" that follows, or -1 if there is no Initial Response.

  Byte`n`

    SASL mechanism specific "Initial Response".

SASLResponse (F) #
  Byte1('p')

    Identifies the message as a SASL response. Note that this is also used for GSSAPI, SSPI and password response messages. The exact message type can be deduced from the context.

  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Byte`n`

    SASL mechanism specific message data.

SSLRequest (F) #
  Int32(8)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(80877103)

    The SSL request code. The value is chosen to contain `1234` in the most significant 16 bits, and `5679` in the least significant 16 bits. (To avoid confusion, this code must not be the same as any protocol version number.)

StartupMessage (F) #
  Int32

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

  Int32(196610)

    The protocol version number. The most significant 16 bits are the major version number (3 for the protocol described here). The least significant 16 bits are the minor version number (2 for the protocol described here).

  The protocol version number is followed by one or more pairs of parameter name and value strings. A zero byte is required as a terminator after the last name/value pair. Parameters can appear in any order. `user` is required, others are optional. Each parameter is specified as:

  String

    The parameter name. Currently recognized names are:

    `user`

      The database user name to connect as. Required; there is no default.

    `database`

      The database to connect to. Defaults to the user name.

    `options`

      Command-line arguments for the backend. (This is deprecated in favor of setting individual run-time parameters.) Spaces within this string are considered to separate arguments, unless escaped with a backslash (`\`); write `\\` to represent a literal backslash.

    `replication`

      Used to connect in streaming replication mode, where a small set of replication commands can be issued instead of SQL statements. Value can be `true`, `false`, or `database`, and the default is `false`. See Section 54.4 for details.

    In addition to the above, other parameters may be listed. Parameter names beginning with `_pq_.` are reserved for use as protocol extensions, while others are treated as run-time parameters to be set at backend start time. Such settings will be applied during backend start (after parsing the command-line arguments if any) and will act as session defaults.

  String

    The parameter value.

Sync (F) #
  Byte1('S')

    Identifies the message as a Sync command.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

Terminate (F) #
  Byte1('X')

    Identifies the message as a termination.

  Int32(4)

    Length of message contents in bytes, including self.

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