Concorde real data
==================
Weight :
    max taxing       : 412000 lb.
    max take off     : 408000 lb.
    max landing      : 245000 lb.
    zero fuel        : 203000 lb.
    operating empty  : 173500 lb.
    max payload      :  29500 lb.

Speeds :
    Max at 51300 ft                              : Mach 2.2 (F).
    Optimum at 51300 ft                          : Mach 2.04 (F).
    V max for jettison (fuel)                    : Mach 0.93.
    V max for windscreen wiper operation         : 325 kt.
    V visor down or operating                    : 325 kt.
    V nose 5 or operating between UP and 5       : 325 kt.
    Vla above 41000 ft (lowest autorized)        : 300 kt.
    V nose DOWN or operating between 5 and DOWN  : 270 kt (at altitudes below 20000 ft).
    V landing lights                             : 270 kt.
    Vlo (landing gear operation)                 : 270 kt.
    Vle (landing gear extended)                  : 270 kt.
    Vla 15000/41000 ft                           : 250 kt.
    Vla below 15000 ft                           : VREF or V2 or V3.
    Vmc (minimum control speed with engine inoperative)
    Vmcl (approach)                              : 150 kt.
    Vmc (takeoff)                                : 132 kt.
    Vmcg (ground)                                : 116 kt.

Procedures :
    Takeoff (408000 lb) : nose 5 deg, afterburner, V1 165 kt, VR 195 kt, pitch 13.5 deg at rotation,
                          V2 220 kt.
    Subsonic cruise : Mach 0.95.
    Acceleration : afterburner at Mach 0.93; air intakes starts closing at Mach 1.3;
                   stop afterburner at Mach 1.7.
    Supersonic cruise : Mach 2.0 at FL500.
    Supersonic descent : decelerate at 350 kt, 250 NM before the subsonic level.
    Landing (245000 lb) : nose 12.5 deg, VREF 162 kt, pitch 10 deg at touch down.
    Taxi : nose 5 deg, only 2 engines (G).
    Parking : nose and visor up, as weather seal (A1).

Runway : 11200 ft takeoff, 7300 ft landing (C).
Max climb rate : 5000 ft/min at sea level (F).
Range :
    3550 nm supersonic, 2760 nm subsonic (Mach 0.95 FL300) (C).
    6582 km [3550 nm] with FAR fuel reserves and payload of 19500 lb (F).
    6228 km [3360 nm] with FAR fuel reserves and maximum payload (F).
Duration : London Heathrow / New York 3h50 (E).
Maximum operating altitude : 60000 ft (C).
Maximum total temperature (TMO) : 127 degC on nose.


Concorde ops
============
Takeoff
-------
- the visor is raised not long after takeoff, to make cockpit quieter (A1).
- the visor protects the windscreen from the 125 degC temperature at Mach 2 (A1).

Subsonic cruise
---------------
- Mach 0.95 at FL260 (full load) (G).

Supersonic climb
----------------
- start afterburner with VS at 3500 ft/minute; then progressively decrease until 700 ft/minute.
- climb with full throttle.
- at Mach 1.1, drag starts to decrease : prepare to increase the climb rate.
- stay inside the corridor of Mach/center of gravity. Below the minimum means a too high altitude
  for the current Mach speed : accelerate by reducing climb speed.
- at Mach 1.3, air intakes open progressively, providing additional thrust : prepare to increase
  the climb rate.
- climb from Mach 0.95 (28000 ft) to Mach 1.7 (47000 ft) lasts 10 minutes (A2).

Supersonic cruise
-----------------
- from London-Heathrow, Mach 2 is reached 40 minutes - 650 NM (Bristol Channel) - after takeoff (A3).
- cruise at Mach 2 consumes 20.5 tons/hour (E).
- transatlantic flight at Mach 2 lasts 2 hours; 2h35 above Mach 1 (A4).
- at FL500 Mach 2, slow climb rate of 50-60 ft/minute, to reduce fuel consumption (A3).

Supersonic descent
------------------
- decelerate speed until 350 kt before starting the descent (G).
- deceleration is started at 250 NM : 165 NM from Mach 2.0 FL580 to Mach 1.0 at FL350 (A3).
- maintain the 50 ft climb rate to accelerate the deceleration.
- maintain the 325-380 kt speed during the descent.

Landing
-------
- approach speed : 190 kt (A1).
- at 750 ft AGL, disable autopilot and autothrottle, keep the trim of the glide slope mode;
  maintain pitch at 10 degrees, control descent rate with speed (throttle).
- the tail wheel protects the reversers from hitting the ground (A1).
- avoid autoland by gusty wind.


Installation
============
A mouse with 3rd (middle) button, or its emulation (left + right button), is required.

Fuel load
---------
- default is maximum landing weight, 245000 lb (19000 kg fuel).
- for alternate load, press "= f" (saved on exit in aircraft-data).

Sounds
------
- for voice callouts, set /sim/sound/voices/enabled to true.
- to disable text display of callouts, press "shift-F12" (saved on exit in aircraft-data). 

Frame rate
----------
The number of instruments is :
- optimized for a view at 55 degrees.
- minimum straight forwards the Captain heading (landing) : press "shift up arrow"
  to align the view.

Not essential panels can be put in comments in Models/Concorde_ba.xml :
electric, hydraulic, pressurization, air bleed, temperature.

Known compatibility
-------------------
2017.1.1 : minimal version.


Keyboard
========

Views
-----
- "ctrl-E"       : "E"ngineer view.
- "ctrl-K"       : Observer view (floating).
- "ctrl-L"       : Observer 2 view (floating).
- "ctrl-O"       : "O"verhead view.
- "ctrl-W"       : Ste"W"ard view (floating).
- "shift-ctrl-V" : restore view pitch.
- "shift-ctrl-X" : restore floating view.
- "ctrl-Y"       : Copilot view.

Virtual crew
------------
- "ctrl-Q"       : virtual crew.
- "shift-ctrl-Q" : abort checklist.
- "shift-F12"    : show crew text.

Unchanged behaviour
-------------------
- "x / X"        : zooms in the small fonts.
                   Reset with "ctrl-X".

Same behaviour
--------------
- "ctrl-A"       : "A"ltitude acquire.
- "b / B"        : "b"rakes / parking "B"rakes.
- "g / G"        : "g"ear.
- "ctrl-G"       : "G"lide slope.
- "ctrl-N"       : "N"av 1 hold.
- "ctrl-P"       : "P"itch hold.
- "s"            : engine "s"tart.
- "S"            : "S"waps between Captain and Center 2D panels.
- "ctrl-S"       : autothrottle.
- "F12"          : radio frequencies.

Improved behaviour
------------------
- "a / A"        : speeds up BOTH speed and time (not beyond X 8).
                   Automatically resets to 1, when above 3500 ft/min.
- "ctrl-H"       : "H"eading hold.
- "left /        : autopilot track heading (knob).
   right"
- "up /          : increases / decreases (datum) autopilot altitude.
   down"           Altitude hold, vertical speed hold, pitch hold, speed hold with pitch, Mach hold with pitch.
- "page up /     : increases / decreases (datum) speed hold, Mach hold.
   page down"

Alternate behaviour
-------------------
- "ctrl-B"       : reverse thrust (used as speed"B"rake).
- "ctrl-T"       : al"T"itude hold.
- "[ / ]"        : nose used as flaps.
- "="            : menu.
- "left /        : move floating view in width.
   right"
- "up /          : move floating view in length.
   down"
- "page up /     : move floating view in height.
   page down"
   
Additional behaviour
--------------------
- "alt-b"        : emergency "b"rakes.
- "ctrl-D"       : "D"isconnects the autopilot (button A/P DISC on the yoke).
- "ctrl-F"       : a"F"terburner.
- "f"            : "f"ull cockpit (all instruments).
- "alt-g"        : "g"ear standby.
- "alt-n"        : "n"ose standby.
- "q"            : "q"uit speed up.
- "y"            : "y"oke.
- "ctrl left /   : move floating view in width (fast).
   ctrl right"
- "ctrl up /     : increases / decreases (datum) autopilot altitude (slow).
   ctrl dow        Altitude hold, vertical speed hold, pitch hold, speed hold with pitch, Mach hold with pitch.
- "ctrl up /     : move floating view in length (fast).
   ctrl down"
- "ctrl page up /: move floating view in height (fast).
   ctrl page down"


Mouse
=====
The 3rd button of mouse :
- pushes a button, when 1st button turns it. Example : track / heading.
- toggles a less used 3rd state. Example : gear neutral, emergency switch.

Autopilot
---------
- avoid default autopilot setting (F10 key), use 2D panel or 3D cockpit.
- before pressing "TH" (track/heading), select "HDG" magnetic heading, or "TRK" true heading,
  with mouse 3rd button.
- "HH" (heading hold) is always magnetic.
- "CL" (max climb) sets the autothrottle to VMO (MMO above 50200 ft), and holds pitch.
- "AA" (altitude acquire) works by capture : the target altitude is reached by another
   altitude mode, "CL", "PH" or "VS".
- see Panels/Concorde-autopilot.xml (list of all buttons).

Electrical
----------
- autopilots and a few instruments depend of a particular ACC ESS BUS.

Engine
------
- to start an engine, activate the starter, before opening the HP VALVE (overhead).
  The starter requires air bleed, either from the ground service (open 1 cross bleed valve),
  or by its adjacent running engine (open 2 cross bleed valve).
- the starter requires AC voltage, from the ground supply ("= g").
- the starter is not required in flight (relight), if enough speed :
  relight is automatic, when autoignition is on (overhead).

Fuel
----
Use virtual engineer (or 2D panel) to start :
- the collector tanks 1 2 3 4 feed respectively engines 1 2 3 4.
- the main tanks 5 7 feed the collector tanks.

Hydraulics
----------
- nose, gear, brakes depend of green and yellow (standby) circuits.
- ground pumps require ground electrical power.

Radio
-----
- only "F12" or "= r" : NAV 0 (default radio menu) is reserved for interface with autopilot.


2D panel
========
The 2D Panel has simplified buttons for :
- fuel transfers (inlet valves are automatically opened).
- engine start (voltage and air bleed are not required).

Fuel
----
- "Aft" transfers forwards trim tanks (9, 10) to aft trim tanks (11).
- "Forward" does the reverse transfer (only to 9).
- "Engine" transfers trim tanks to the main tanks (5, 7) : choose the direction "Aft" or "Forw".
- the transfert valve feeds a main tank (5, 7) by its auxilliary tank (5A, 7A);
- "Jettison" (2 buttons for confirmation) dumps the trim (9, 10, 11) and collector tanks
  (1, 2, 3, 4) : isolate a trim tank by stopping its fuel pumps. 
- activate "Cross", to balance the dissymetrical tanks.


Virtual crew
============
- the virtual crew operates parallely to the voice callouts.
- a green crew member is performing his checklist.
  Green fades when crew member is not performing his checklist.
- a white checklist is in process.
- by default, virtual crew triggers checklists, if in flight :
  for manual operation, press "= p s".
- by default, virtual crew adjusts radio frequencies, if tower available in Nasal/Concorde-route.xml :
  for manual operation, press "= p s".

3D
--
- to activate 3D, press "= c".

Captain
-------
- by default, Captain tasks are performed automatically :
  his answers are yellow.
- for call by the crew member reading the checklist, press "= p s".

Copilot
-------
- his calls are green.
- the copilot is pilot in command, only during 4 engines flameout,
  where he holds the aircraft during engine start.

Engineer
-------
- his calls are blue.
- center of gravity is ajusted without checklist.


Alarms
======
Not listed warning lights are not yet implemented.

Sound
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- beep                   : amber or red warning.
- beep (continuous)      : loss of MWS.
- beep (repeated)        : press red warnings on MWS, or press cancel audio.
- horn                   : too low speed.
- pull-up                : excessive descent speed; too low gear at approach, nose not down at touch down.
- rattle                 : overspeed.
- siren                  : loss of autopilot.
- whistle                : JSBSim stall, aft center of gravity warning, underspeed.

Red
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "AP"                   : instrument failure, abnormal pitch, abnormal AoA.
- "AT"                   : instrument failure, autothrottle expected.
- "AUTO LAND"            : autothrottle expected, ILS missing, outside path at touch down.
- "INS"                  : INS not aligned, or in failure.
- "M/CG"                 : center of gravity outside of corridor.
- "TERRAIN"              : excessive descent speed; too low gear at approach, nose not down at touch down.

              Overhead

- "ADS"                  : ADC failure.
- "DOORS"                : ground supply.
- "ELEC"                 : electrical failure.
- "ENG"                  : engine stopped.
- "FEEL"                 : no green and blue hydraulics.
- "ICE"                  : engine and wing anti-icing expected.
- "INS"                  : INS not aligned, or in failure.
- "INT"                  : intake without hydraulics.
- "PFC"                  : electrical failure, or no green or blue hydraulics.
- "PRESS"                : pressurization failure, no air conditioning.
- "THROT"                : throttle failure.

                Brakes

- "FWD"                  : brake overheat.
- "REAR"                 : brake overheat.
- "WHEEL"                : brake overheat.

                 Doors

- "MISC HATCHES"         : ground supply.

            Electrical

- "DC ESS BUS"           : no voltage from AC essential bus and battery.
- "DC MAIN BUS"          : no voltage from AC main bus.
- "FAIL"                 : electrical failure.

               Engines

- "INTAKE"               : no hydraulics.
- "THROT"                : throttle failure.

                  Gear

- "NOSE WHEEL"           : nose steering without hydraulics.

            Hydraulics

- "BRAKES FAIL"          : no normal brakes (no green hydraulics).

                   INS

- "WARN"                 : not aligned, or in failure.

        Pressurization

- "EXCESS ALT"           : cabine under pressure.
- "OVER PRESS"           : cabine over pressure.

Amber
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "ATT"                  : excessive attitude.
- "CTY"                  : reheat at takeoff.
- "DH"                   : decision altitude.

              Overhead

- "ADC"                  : ADC failure.
- "ELEC"                 : electrical failure.
- "FUEL"                 : fuel failure.
- "HYD"                  : hydraulical failure.
- "INHIBIT"              : all MWS lights inhibited, except red PFC and ENG.
- "INT"                  : intake lost its main hydraulics.

                   ADC

- "ADC"                  : ADC failure.

            Electrical

- "AC ESS BUS"           : no voltage from main bus.
- "AC MAIN BUS"          : no voltage from generator.
- "BATT ISOLATE"         : battery disconnected.
- "CSD"                  : constant speed drive disconnected.
- "GEN"                  : generator disconnected from main bus.

               Engines

- "HYD"                  : intake lost its main hydraulics.

                  Fuel

- "LOW LEVEL"            : collector tank low.
- "LOW PRESSURE"         : no fuel pump, empty tank, LP valve not open.
- "TANK PRESSURE"        : air bleed failure.

            Hydraulics

- "BRAKES EMER"          : parking or emergency brakes (no green hydraulics).
- "L/PRESS"              : pump disconnected, engine stopped.

                   INS

- "ALERT"                : 1 minute until next waypoint.
- "BAT"                  : no AC voltage.
- "REMOTE"               : waypoint insert to all INS.

Yellow
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "ILS"                  : missing ILS.

      Air conditioning

- "COMPARATOR"           : no air conditioning on group 3 or 4.

            Electrical

- "FAIL"                 : no hydraulical pressure (green circuit), emergency generator isolated.

               Engines

- "START PUMP"           : starter / relight activated.

                  Fuel

- "ACC"                  : no fuel pump.
- "LOW PRESSURE"         : engine fuel pump stopped, empty tank.

                   INS

- "R NAV"                : update by DME.

Blue
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- "REV"                  : reverse thrust.

              Overhead

- "EXTENDED"             : landing light not retracted.
- "ICE "                 : ice condition detected.

                   ADC

- "TEST"                 : test completed.

               Engines

- "OPEN"                 : flight reverse armed.

            Hydraulics

- "SELECTED"             : emegercy generator selected.
- "TEST"                 : RAM Air Turbine test.

Green
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- clear to go (above N2) : armed by takeoff monitor (bug on fuel flow).
- "LAND 1"               : autoland with 1 autopilot.
- "LAND 2"               : autoland with 2 autopilots.

              Overhead

- "IGV PRESS"            : engine anti-icing activated.

               Engines

- "LH IGN"               : engine ignition.
- "LO"                   : low schedule.
- "RH IGN"               : engine ignition.

            Hydraulics

- "R.A.T."               : RAM Air Turbine deployed.

                   INS

- READY/NAV"             : aligned.

White
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- CLB                    : climb engine rating.
- CRS                    : cruise engine rating.
- TO                     : takeoff engine rating.

            Electrical

- "GROUND PWR AVAILABLE" : electrical power from ground supply.

               Engines

- "F/O"                  : flyover schedule.
- "HI"                   : high schedule.
- "MID"                  : mid schedule.


Consumption
===========
Consumption decreases with altitude, from FL500 to FL580 (60 ft/min. during 2h10).
Fuel must be just below 19000 kg with the direct route (short SID/STAR).
So that it remains enough fuel, in case the SID/STAR becomes long :
STAR at KJFK seems to have been always short (range edge).

Route
-----
East bound :
- acceleration 30 NM before MERLY.
- deceleration 250 NM before KENDA or LYNUS.

West bound :
- acceleration at LINND.
- deceleration 40 NM after BANDU (BARIX missing).

KJFK 22L - EGLL 27R, 3150 NM.
EGLL 09R - KJFK 04L, 3300 NM.
LFPG 08L - KJFK 04L, 3500 NM.
LFPG 26L - KJFK 22L, 3550 NM.
TBPB 09  - EGLL 27R, 3700 NM (Barbados).

Example
-------
EGLL 27L - KJFK 22L, 3400 NM :
- load the flight plan from the Doc directory.
- acceleration 30 NM before MERLY.
- stable at FL500 with 71500 kg, 2h20 from KENDA, at 2700 NM and 11500 kg (see "= n").
- warm, 275 deg 5 kt westerly, Mach 2.02, climbing slowly until 57600 ft (60 ft/min 2h07).
- deceleration 250 NM (13 minutes) before KENDA : INS indicates 20900 kg at KENDA,
  and 15700 kg at KJFK (590 NM).
- 8500 kg at landing.

Cruise
------
85000 kg (full) at Mach 0.95 (550 kt true) FL260, stable : 23600 kg/h.
71000 kg at Mach 1.99 50000 ft, stable : 26300 kg/h.
69000 kg at Mach 2.02 50300 ft, climb 60 ft/min : 26200 kg/h.
Average (depends of altitude) at Mach 2.02 : 20500 kg/h.
26000 kg at Mach 2.02 57800 ft, stable : 17700 kg/h.
25000 kg at Mach 2.02 57800 ft, climb 60 ft/min : 18100 kg/h.
19000 kg at Mach 0.95 (510 kt true) FL380, stable : 13900 kg/h. 

Decreasing the TSFC increases the range.


JSBSim
======
- maximum thrust (without air intakes) at FL500 is 10093 lb, matching the real value of 10000 lb !
- center of gravity inside corridor.
- shift of center or pressure.
- geometry is real data.
- tanks default at maximum takeoff weight (408000 lb).
- consumption London - New York : correct landing weight at KJFK.
- climb Mach 0.95 - 1.7 in 10 minutes.
- fuel around 20500 kg/h at Mach 2.02 (E).
- intake failure (4 at once).
- weaker supersonic lift.


TO DO
=====
- battery discharge.

TO DO instruments
-----------------
- control of 2D instrument luminosity (only possible with 3D instruments).
- see Panels/Instruments/ReadmeInstruments.txt

TO FDM
-------
- reduce drag during subsonic climb.
- inertia of surfaces.
- move autopilot PID inside the FDM ?
- additional drag when RAT.
- alteration of FDM by icing.
- check the subsonic range.
- turbulence filter.

FDM update often implies a tuning of autopilot (mainly heading hold),
and always a complete test (autoland, subsonic, supersonic).

TO DO JSBSim
------------
- failure on only 1 intake at once.


Known problems
==============
- data are not saved on reinit.

Known problems route manager
----------------------------
- input departure and arrival, only after loading flight plan (WITHOUT departure and arrival).
- toggle INS mode, only AFTER activation of route, or use "= a".

Known problems autopilot
------------------------
- NAV hold mode is sensitive to the turbulence of the ground layer.
- heading modes are a little slow to converge, at supersonic speed.
- on engagement, magnetic and true heading modes bank into the opposite direction.

Known problems autoland
-----------------------
- nav must be accurate until 0 ft AGL : KSFO 28R, RJAA 34L are correct.
  When airport is not accurate (examples : EGLL, KBGR, KBOS, KJFK),
  set /controls/autoflight/real-nav to false, by "= a".

Known problems sound
--------------------
- ATIS volume (VHF) changed only at the frequency swap.

Known problems OSG
------------------
The following artefacts are supposed to be solved by OSG :
- panels swaping too early.
- instrument transparent through layer with alpha (steward view).
- transparency order of blinking anti-collision light over wing.


Secondary problems
==================
- if brakes, gear and nose don't work, see Nasal/Concorde-override.nas.

Secondary problems FDM
-----------------------
- very light waddling at mach 2 (autopilot rudder trim, to solve roll of autopilot heading
  at Mach speeds).
- disable yaw damper, when turbulence ?
- oil pressure too high.

Secondary problems instruments
----------------------------
- red brake warnings may light abnormally (XML bug ?).

Secondary problems sound
------------------------
- VHF volume not implemented for Festival (possible ?).
- engineer uses pilot voice.


References
==========
(A1) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/28473/4/ :

(A2) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/24517/4/ :

(A3) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/46757/4/ :

(A4) http://www.airliners.net/discussions/tech_ops/read.main/60137/ :

(C) http://www.titanic.com/story/159/Concorde/ :

(E) http://www.alpa.org/alpa/DesktopModules/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=814 :

(F) http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/aircraft/types/type-details/aerospatialebac-concorde.htm :

(G) http://concorde.docs.free.fr/ :

    http://www.flight-manuals-on-cd.com/Concorde.html/ :
    British Airways flight manual 1979, 1600 pages. 

    http://www.eflightmanuals.com/ :
    British Airways maintenance manual.


1st April 2017.
