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# QUndoStack Class Reference
[QtGui module]

The QUndoStack class is a stack of QUndoCommand objects. More...

Inherits QObject.

### Methods

- __init__ (self, QObject parent = None)
- beginMacro (self, QString)
- bool canRedo (self)
- bool canUndo (self)
- int cleanIndex (self)
- clear (self)
- QUndoCommand command (self, int)
- int count (self)
- QAction createRedoAction (self, QObject, QString prefix = QString())
- QAction createUndoAction (self, QObject, QString prefix = QString())
- endMacro (self)
- int index (self)
- bool isActive (self)
- bool isClean (self)
- push (self, QUndoCommand)
- redo (self)
- QString redoText (self)
- setActive (self, bool active = True)
- setClean (self)
- setIndex (self, int)
- setUndoLimit (self, int)
- QString text (self, int)
- undo (self)
- int undoLimit (self)
- QString undoText (self)

### Qt Signals

- void canRedoChanged (bool)
- void canUndoChanged (bool)
- void cleanChanged (bool)
- void indexChanged (int)
- void redoTextChanged (const QString&)
- void undoTextChanged (const QString&)

## Detailed Description

The QUndoStack class is a stack of QUndoCommand objects.

For an overview of Qt's Undo Framework, see the overview document.

An undo stack maintains a stack of commands that have been applied to a document.

New commands are pushed on the stack using push(). Commands can be undone and redone using undo() and redo(), or by triggering the actions returned by createUndoAction() and createRedoAction().

QUndoStack keeps track of the current command. This is the command which will be executed by the next call to redo(). The index of this command is returned by index(). The state of the edited object can be rolled forward or back using setIndex(). If the top-most command on the stack has already been redone, index() is equal to count().

QUndoStack provides support for undo and redo actions, command compression, command macros, and supports the concept of a clean state.

### Undo and Redo Actions

QUndoStack provides convenient undo and redo QAction objects, which can be inserted into a menu or a toolbar. When commands are undone or redone, QUndoStack updates the text properties of these actions to reflect what change they will trigger. The actions are also disabled when no command is available for undo or redo. These actions are returned by QUndoStack.createUndoAction() and QUndoStack.createRedoAction().

### Command Compression and Macros

Command compression is useful when several commands can be compressed into a single command that can be undone and redone in a single operation. For example, when a user types a character in a text editor, a new command is created. This command inserts the character into the document at the cursor position. However, it is more convenient for the user to be able to undo or redo typing of whole words, sentences, or paragraphs. Command compression allows these single-character commands to be merged into a single command which inserts or deletes sections of text. For more information, see QUndoCommand.mergeWith() and push().

A command macro is a sequence of commands, all of which are undone and redone in one go. Command macros are created by giving a command a list of child commands. Undoing or redoing the parent command will cause the child commands to be undone or redone. Command macros may be created explicitly by specifying a parent in the QUndoCommand constructor, or by using the convenience functions beginMacro() and endMacro().

Although command compression and macros appear to have the same effect to the user, they often have different uses in an application. Commands that perform small changes to a document may be usefully compressed if there is no need to individually record them, and if only larger changes are relevant to the user. However, for commands that need to be recorded individually, or those that cannot be compressed, it is useful to use macros to provide a more convenient user experience while maintaining a record of each command.

### Clean State

QUndoStack supports the concept of a clean state. When the document is saved to disk, the stack can be marked as clean using setClean(). Whenever the stack returns to this state through undoing and redoing commands, it emits the signal cleanChanged(). This signal is also emitted when the stack leaves the clean state. This signal is usually used to enable and disable the save actions in the application, and to update the document's title to reflect that it contains unsaved changes.

See also QUndoCommand and QUndoView.

## Method Documentation

### QUndoStack.__init__ (self, QObject parent = None)

The parent argument, if not None, causes self to be owned by Qt instead of PyQt.

Constructs an empty undo stack with the parent parent. The stack will initally be in the clean state. If parent is a QUndoGroup object, the stack is automatically added to the group.

See also push().

### QUndoStack.beginMacro (self, QString)

Begins composition of a macro command with the given text description.

An empty command described by the specified text is pushed on the stack. Any subsequent commands pushed on the stack will be appended to the empty command's children until endMacro() is called.

Calls to beginMacro() and endMacro() may be nested, but every call to beginMacro() must have a matching call to endMacro().

While a macro is composed, the stack is disabled. This means that:

- indexChanged() and cleanChanged() are not emitted,
- canUndo() and canRedo() return false,
- calling undo() or redo() has no effect,
- the undo/redo actions are disabled.

The stack becomes enabled and appropriate signals are emitted when endMacro() is called for the outermost macro.

     stack.beginMacro("insert red text");
     stack.push(new InsertText(document, idx, text));
     stack.push(new SetColor(document, idx, text.length(), Qt.red));
     stack.endMacro(); // indexChanged() is emitted

This code is equivalent to:

     QUndoCommand *insertRed = new QUndoCommand(); // an empty command
     insertRed->setText("insert red text");

     new InsertText(document, idx, text, insertRed); // becomes child of insertRed
     new SetColor(document, idx, text.length(), Qt.red, insertRed);

     stack.push(insertRed);

See also endMacro().

### bool QUndoStack.canRedo (self)

Returns true if there is a command available for redo; otherwise returns false.

This function returns false if the stack is empty or if the top command on the stack has already been redone.

Synonymous with index() == count().

See also index() and canUndo().

### bool QUndoStack.canUndo (self)

Returns true if there is a command available for undo; otherwise returns false.

This function returns false if the stack is empty, or if the bottom command on the stack has already been undone.

Synonymous with index() == 0.

See also index() and canRedo().

### int QUndoStack.cleanIndex (self)

Returns the clean index. This is the index at which setClean() was called.

A stack may not have a clean index. This happens if a document is saved, some commands are undone, then a new command is pushed. Since push() deletes all the undone commands before pushing the new command, the stack can't return to the clean state again. In this case, this function returns -1.

See also isClean() and setClean().

### QUndoStack.clear (self)

Clears the command stack by deleting all commands on it, and returns the stack to the clean state.

Commands are not undone or redone; the state of the edited object remains unchanged.

This function is usually used when the contents of the document are abandoned.

See also QUndoStack().

### QUndoCommand QUndoStack.command (self, int)

Returns a const pointer to the command at index.

This function returns a const pointer, because modifying a command, once it has been pushed onto the stack and executed, almost always causes corruption of the state of the document, if the command is later undone or redone.

This function was introduced in Qt 4.4.

See also QUndoCommand.child().

### int QUndoStack.count (self)

Returns the number of commands on the stack. Macro commands are counted as one command.

See also index(), setIndex(), and command().

### QAction QUndoStack.createRedoAction (self, QObject, QString prefix = QString())

The QObject argument, if not None, causes self to be owned by Qt instead of PyQt.

Creates an redo QAction object with the given parent.

Triggering this action will cause a call to redo(). The text of this action is the text of the command which will be redone in the next call to redo(), prefixed by the specified prefix. If there is no command available for redo, this action will be disabled.

If prefix is empty, the default prefix "Redo" is used.

See also createUndoAction(), canRedo(), and QUndoCommand.text().

### QAction QUndoStack.createUndoAction (self, QObject, QString prefix = QString())

The QObject argument, if not None, causes self to be owned by Qt instead of PyQt.

Creates an undo QAction object with the given parent.

Triggering this action will cause a call to undo(). The text of this action is the text of the command which will be undone in the next call to undo(), prefixed by the specified prefix. If there is no command available for undo, this action will be disabled.

If prefix is empty, the default prefix "Undo" is used.

See also createRedoAction(), canUndo(), and QUndoCommand.text().

### QUndoStack.endMacro (self)

Ends composition of a macro command.

If this is the outermost macro in a set nested macros, this function emits indexChanged() once for the entire macro command.

See also beginMacro().

### int QUndoStack.index (self)

Returns the index of the current command. This is the command that will be executed on the next call to redo(). It is not always the top-most command on the stack, since a number of commands may have been undone.

See also setIndex(), undo(), redo(), and count().

### bool QUndoStack.isActive (self)

### bool QUndoStack.isClean (self)

If the stack is in the clean state, returns true; otherwise returns false.

See also setClean() and cleanIndex().

### QUndoStack.push (self, QUndoCommand)

The QUndoCommand argument has it's ownership transferred to Qt.

Pushes cmd on the stack or merges it with the most recently executed command. In either case, executes cmd by calling its redo() function.

If cmd's id is not -1, and if the id is the same as that of the most recently executed command, QUndoStack will attempt to merge the two commands by calling QUndoCommand.mergeWith() on the most recently executed command. If QUndoCommand.mergeWith() returns true, cmd is deleted.

In all other cases cmd is simply pushed on the stack.

If commands were undone before cmd was pushed, the current command and all commands above it are deleted. Hence cmd always ends up being the top-most on the stack.

Once a command is pushed, the stack takes ownership of it. There are no getters to return the command, since modifying it after it has been executed will almost always lead to corruption of the document's state.

See also QUndoCommand.id() and QUndoCommand.mergeWith().

### QUndoStack.redo (self)

This method is also a Qt slot with the C++ signature `void redo()`.

Redoes the current command by calling QUndoCommand.redo(). Increments the current command index.

If the stack is empty, or if the top command on the stack has already been redone, this function does nothing.

See also undo() and index().

### QString QUndoStack.redoText (self)

Returns the text of the command which will be redone in the next call to redo().

See also QUndoCommand.text() and undoText().

### QUndoStack.setActive (self, bool active = True)

This method is also a Qt slot with the C++ signature `void setActive(bool = 1)`.

### QUndoStack.setClean (self)

This method is also a Qt slot with the C++ signature `void setClean()`.

Marks the stack as clean and emits cleanChanged() if the stack was not already clean.

Whenever the stack returns to this state through the use of undo/redo commands, it emits the signal cleanChanged(). This signal is also emitted when the stack leaves the clean state.

See also isClean() and cleanIndex().

### QUndoStack.setIndex (self, int)

This method is also a Qt slot with the C++ signature `void setIndex(int)`.

Repeatedly calls undo() or redo() until the current command index reaches idx. This function can be used to roll the state of the document forwards of backwards. indexChanged() is emitted only once.

See also index(), count(), undo(), and redo().

### QUndoStack.setUndoLimit (self, int)

### QString QUndoStack.text (self, int)

Returns the text of the command at index idx.

See also beginMacro().

### QUndoStack.undo (self)

This method is also a Qt slot with the C++ signature `void undo()`.

Undoes the command below the current command by calling QUndoCommand.undo(). Decrements the current command index.

If the stack is empty, or if the bottom command on the stack has already been undone, this function does nothing.

See also redo() and index().

### int QUndoStack.undoLimit (self)

### QString QUndoStack.undoText (self)

Returns the text of the command which will be undone in the next call to undo().

See also QUndoCommand.text() and redoText().

## Qt Signal Documentation

### void canRedoChanged (bool)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever the value of canRedo() changes. It is used to enable or disable the redo action returned by createRedoAction(). canRedo specifies the new value.

### void canUndoChanged (bool)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever the value of canUndo() changes. It is used to enable or disable the undo action returned by createUndoAction(). canUndo specifies the new value.

### void cleanChanged (bool)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever the stack enters or leaves the clean state. If clean is true, the stack is in a clean state; otherwise this signal indicates that it has left the clean state.

See also isClean() and setClean().

### void indexChanged (int)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever a command modifies the state of the document. This happens when a command is undone or redone. When a macro command is undone or redone, or setIndex() is called, this signal is emitted only once.

idx specifies the index of the current command, ie. the command which will be executed on the next call to redo().

See also index() and setIndex().

### void redoTextChanged (const QString&)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever the value of redoText() changes. It is used to update the text property of the redo action returned by createRedoAction(). redoText specifies the new text.

### void undoTextChanged (const QString&)

This is the default overload of this signal.

This signal is emitted whenever the value of undoText() changes. It is used to update the text property of the undo action returned by createUndoAction(). undoText specifies the new text.