| DocBook: The Definitive Guide Version 2.0.8 (Alpha)

# DocBook Element Reference

This reference describes every element in the DocBook DTD.

In DocBook V3.1, introduced in February, 1999, the following elements were added to DocBook: `answer`, `audiodata`, `audioobject`, `caption`, `colophon`, `constant`, `imagedata`, `imageobject`, `imageobjectco`, `informalfigure`, `inlinemediaobject`, `mediaobject`, `mediaobjectco`, `objectinfo`, `qandadiv`, `qandaentry`, `qandaset`, `question`, `section`, `sectioninfo`, `textobject`, `varname`, `videodata`, `videoobject`.

DocBook V4.0, introduced in January, 2001, the following elements were added: `appendixinfo`, `articleinfo`, `bibliographyinfo`, `chapterinfo`, `classsynopsis`, `classsynopsisinfo`, `constructorsynopsis`, `destructorsynopsis`, `exceptionname`, `fieldsynopsis`, `glossaryinfo`, `indexinfo`, `initializer`, `interfacename`, `methodname`, `methodparam`, `methodsynopsis`, `modifier`, `ooclass`, `ooexception`, `oointerface`, `partinfo`, `prefaceinfo`, `refentryinfo`, `referenceinfo`, `remark`, `revdescription`, `setindexinfo`, `sidebarinfo`, `simplemsgentry`.

The following additional changes were made in DocBook V4.0: `artheader` was renamed `articleinfo`; `comment` was renamed `remark`; `docinfo` was broken into a set of other info elements; and `bookbiblio`, `interfacedefinition`, and `seriesinfo` were removed.

DocBook V4.2, introduced in FIXME: April, 2002, the following elements were added: `bibliocoverage`, `biblioid`, `bibliorelation`, `bibliosource`, `blockinfo`, `citebiblioid`, `coref`, `errortext`, `personblurb`, `personname`, `refsection`, `refsectioninfo`, `textdata`.

Additional changes made to DocBook V4.2 are summarized in the DocBook V4.2 Specification.

## Organization of Reference Pages

The description of each element in this reference is divided into the following sections:

Synopsis

  Provides a quick synopsis of the element. The content of the synopsis table varies according to the nature of the element described, but may include any or all of the following sections:

  Content Model or Declared Content

    Describes the content model of the element in SGML/XML DTD terms. See the section called “Understanding Content Models”.”

  Inclusions

    Lists “inclusions.” Inclusions are an SGML feature. Included elements can appear anywhere inside the element that includes them, even in places that aren't ordinarily valid. For example, `Chapter` includes `IndexTerm`. This means that within a `Chapter`, `IndexTerm` can appear inside `Emphasis`, for instance, even though the content model of `Emphasis` does not explicitly allow `IndexTerm`s.

  Exclusions

    Lists “exclusions.” Exclusions are an SGML feature. Excluded elements cannot appear anywhere inside the element that excludes them, even in places that are ordinarily valid. For example, `Footnote` excludes `Footnote`. This means that a `Footnote` cannot appear inside a `Para` inside a `Footnote`, even though `Footnote` appears in the content model of `Para`.

    Lists elements that are excluded from appearing at any level below the element described.

  Attributes

    Provides a synopsis of the attributes on the element. For brevity, common attributes are described only once, in this introduction.

  Tag Minimization

    Indicates if start- or end-tags may be omitted. Tag omission is dependent on both the DTD and your SGML declaration. If a tag is described as ommissable here, it is ommissible if your declaration allows tag omission. The standard DocBook declaration does not.

  Parameter Entities

    Lists the parameter entities in which the element described appears. Parameter entities are important when you are customizing the DTD.

Description

  Describes the semantics of the element in detail.

  Processing expectations

    Summarizes specific formatting expectations of the element. Many processing expectations are influenced by attribute values. Be sure to consult the description of element attributes as well.

  Future changes

    Identifies changes that are scheduled for future versions of the DTD. These changes are highlighted because they involve some backward-incompatability that may make currently valid DocBook documents no longer valid under the new version.

Attributes

  Describes the semantics of each attribute in detail.

See Also

  Lists similar or related elements.

Examples

  Provides examples of proper usage for the element. Generally, the smallest example required to reasonably demonstrate the element is used. In many cases, a formatted version of the example is also shown.

  All of the examples printed in the book use the SGML version of DocBook. The CD-ROM includes the full text of all of the examples.

  Formatted examples are indicated using a vertical bar.

### Understanding Content Models

Each element synopsis begins with a concise description of the elements it can contain. This description is in DTD “content model” syntax, with all parameter entities expanded.

Content models are the way that DTDs describe the name, number, and order of other elements that may be used inside an element. The primary feature of content model syntax is that it is concise, but this conciseness comes at the cost of legibility until you are familiar with the syntax.

There are six components to content model syntax: element names, keywords, repetitions, sequences, alternatives, and groups.

Element names

  An element name in a content model indicates that an element of that type may (or must) occur at that position.

  A content model of `Para` indicates that the element must contain a single paragraph.

Keywords

  There are two keywords that occur in the content models of DocBook elements: `EMPTY`, and `#PCDATA`.

  A content model that consists of the single keyword `EMPTY` identifes an element as an empty element. Empty elements are not allowed to have any content. In order for the word “EMPTY” to have this special meaning, it must be the first and only word in the content model. The word “EMPTY” at any other place is treated as an element name.

  The `#PCDATA` keyword indicates that text may occur at that position. The text may consist of entity references and any characters that are legal in the document character set. For XML documents, the document character set is always Unicode. In SGML the declaration can identify character sets and ranges that are allowed. DocBook SGML documents use the ISO Latin 1 character set.

Repetitions

  An unadorned element name indicates that an element must occur exactly once at that position. A content model can also specify that an element may occur zero or more times, one or more times, or exactly zero or one time. This is accomplished by following the element name with one of the following characters: `*` for zero or more times, `+` for one or more times, or `?` for exactly zero or one times.

  A content model of `Para+` indicates that the element must contain at least one paragraph and may contain many.

Sequences

  If element names in a content model are separated by commas, then they must occur in sequence.

  A content model of `Title, Para` indicates that the element must contain a single title followed by a single paragraph.

Alternatives

  If element names in a content model are separated by vertical bars (|), then they are alternatives. These are sometimes called “or groups” because they require the selection of one or another element.

  A content model of `Phrase | Para` indicates that the element must contain either a single phrase or a single paragraph.

  In SGML, there is another connector: the ampersand (&). The ampersand is a kind of combination of alternative and sequence, which means that all of the elements must occur, but they can occur in any order. DocBook does not have any content models that use the ampersand connector. XML does not allow it.

Groups

  Finally, parentheses may be used around part of a content model. A group formed this way can have repetition indicators and may occur as part of a sequence.

  A content model of `(Literal | Replaceable)+` indicates that either `Literal` or `Replaceable` must occur and they can be repeated (and mixed) any number of times.

#### Content models and validity

A parser uses the content models to determine if a given document is valid. In order for a document to be valid, the content of every element in the document must “match” the content model for that element.

In practical terms, match means that it must be possible to expand the content model until it exactly matches the sequence of elements in the document.

For example, consider the content model of the `Epigraph` element: `Attribution?, (FormalPara | Para | SimPara)+`. This indicates that the following document fragment is valid:

    <epigraph>
    <para>Some text</para>
    </epigraph>

It is valid because the following expansion of the content model exactly matches the actual content: choose zero occurances of `Attribution`, choose the alternative `Para` from the group, and choose to let the “+” match once.

By the same token, this example is not valid because there is no expansion of the content model that can match it:

    <epigraph>
    <para>Some text</para>
    <attribution>John Doe</attribution>
    </epigraph>

There is one additional restriction on the matching ability of the parser: it is not allowed to “look ahead.” This means that there are many useful content models that are ambiguous.

#### Ambiguity

Ambiguity is not allowed. The parser must always be able to choose exactly what to match based upon the next input token. Consider the following content model: `Meta*, Title?, Meta*`.

The intent is clear: to allow some meta-information and a single, optional `Title`. But this content model is ambiguous for the following reason: if the document content begins with a `Meta` element, it is impossible to tell if it matches the `Meta` before the `Title` or after without looking ahead.

Ambiguous content models are detected by the parser when it reads the DTD. It is not sufficient that your document simply be unambiguous; it must not be possible to construct any ambiguous document.

#### #PCDATA and repetition

The `#PCDATA` keyword can always match the empty string. This makes it impossible to force an element that may contain characters not to be empty. In other words, the following content model does not guarantee that the element is not empty: `(#PCDATA)+`.

In XML, the `#PCDATA` keyword is only allowed in optional, repeatable “or groups”, and it must be the first member of the group.

## Common Attributes

The following attributes occur on all elements. They are summarized here once for brevity and to make the additional attributes that occur on many elements stand out.

Name | Type | Default
--- | --- | ---
`Arch` | CDATA | None
`Condition` | CDATA | None
`Conformance` | NMTOKENS | None
`ID` | ID | None/Required[a]
`Lang` | CDATA | None
`OS` | CDATA | None
`Remap` | CDATA | None
`Role` | CDATA | None
`Revision` | CDATA | None
`RevisionFlag` |
Enumeration:
Changed
Added
Deleted
Off
| None
`Security` | CDATA | None
`UserLevel` | CDATA | None
`Vendor` | CDATA | None
`XrefLabel` | CDATA | None
[a] On a few elements, the `ID` is required, but on most it is not.

`Arch`

  `Arch` designates the computer or chip architecture to which the element applies.

`Condition`

  `Condition` is a general-purpose effectivity attribute with no specified semantics. Many DocBook users observed that in order to add an effectivity condition that was unique to their environment required “abusing” the semantics of one of the existing attributes, or adding their own, making their customization an extension rather than a subset.

  The `Condition` attribute provides a standard place for application-specific effectivity.

`Conformance`

  `Conformance` indicates standards conformance characteristics of the item contained in the element. These characteristics are application-specific. DocBook provides no defaults.

`ID`

  `ID` is an identifying string for the element. It must be unique at least within the document and must begin with a letter.

`Lang`

  `Lang` should be a language code drawn from ISO 639 (perhaps extended with a country code drawn from ISO 3166, as `en-US`). Use it when you need to signal your application to change hyphenation and other display characteristics.

`OS`

  `OS` indicates the operating system to which the element is applicable.

`Remap`

  `Remap` contains an element name or similar semantic identifier assigned to the content in a previous markup scheme.

`Role`

  `Role` contains a string used to classify or subclassify an element.

  While Role is a common attribute in the sense that it occurs on almost all elements, it is not part of either of the common attributes parameter entities (`%common.attrib;` or `%idreq.common.attrib;`). It is parameterized differently because it is useful to be able to subclass `Role` independently on different elements.

`Revision`

  `Revision` indicates the editorial revision to which the element belongs.

`RevisionFlag`

  `RevisionFlag` indicates the revision status of element; the default is that the element hasn't been revised. `RevisionFlag` is intended only for simple revision management: to track the entire history of a document use a proper revision control system. Use `RevisionFlag` for indicating changes from one version to the next, no more.

`Security`

  `Security` identifies something about the security level associated with the element to which it applies.

`UserLevel`

  `UserLevel` indicates the level of user experience to which element applies.

`Vendor`

  `Vendor` indicates the computer vendor to which the element applies.

`XrefLabel`

  `XrefLabel` holds text to be used when a cross reference (`XRef`) is made to the element.

## Attribute Types

SGML offers a small selection of attribute types. (XML offers a subset of these.) For convenience, a brief description of each of these types is provided here:

`CDATA`

  A string of characters.

`NUMBER`

  A number. Numbers must begin with a hyphen or digit and can include the decimal point.

`NMTOKEN`

  A sequence of name characters (letters, digits, hyphens, and periods). This differs from a `CDATA` attribute because it cannot contain spaces, punctuation, or other non-name characters.

`NMTOKENS`

  A sequence of one or more space-delimited `NMTOKEN` values.

`NUTOKEN`

  A sequence of number characters (digits, hyphens, and periods). This differs from a `NUMBER` field because it is not required to begin with a digit or a hyphen.

`ENTITY`

  An entity name. The value of an `ENTITY` attribute must be the name of a declared entity.

`NAME`

  A name. A name must begin with a letter and can consist of letters, digits, hyphens, and periods.

`NAMES`

  A sequence of one or more space-delimited `NAME` values.

`ID`

  An ID. IDs are names that must be globally unique within the document. The `ID` attribute declares the ID.

`IDREF`

  An single ID. IDs are names that must be globally unique within the document. The value of an `IDREF` attribute must be the name of an `ID` attribute defined in the document.

`IDREFS`

  A sequence of one or more space-delimited `ID` values.

Part II. Reference |  | abbrev

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