PT-UPGRADE(1)

NAME
pt-upgrade - Execute queries on multiple servers and check for differences.

SYNOPSIS
Usage: pt-upgrade [OPTION...] DSN [DSN...] [FILE]

pt-upgrade compares query execution on two hosts by executing queries in the given file (or STDIN if no file given) and examining the results, errors, warnings, etc.produced on each.

Execute and compare all queries in slow.log on host1 to host2:

  pt-upgrade slow.log h=host1 h=host2

Use pt-query-digest to get, execute and compare queries from tcpdump:

  tcpdump -i eth0 port 3306 -s 65535  -x -n -q -tttt > tcpdump.txt
  pt-query-digest tcpdump.txt --type tcpdump --no-report --print > digest.txt
  pt-upgrade digest.txt h=host1 h=host2

Compare only query times on host1 to host2 and host3:

  pt-upgrade slow.log h=host1 h=host2 h=host3 --compare query_times

Compare a single query, no slowlog needed:

  pt-upgrade h=host1 h=host2 --query 'SELECT * FROM db.tbl'

RISKS
The following section is included to inform users about the potential risks, whether known or unknown, of using this tool. The two main categories of risks are those created by the nature of the tool (e.g. read-only tools vs. read-write tools) and those created by bugs.

pt-upgrade is a read-only tool that is meant to be used on non-production servers. It executes the SQL that you give it as input, which could cause undesired load on a production server.

At the time of this release, there is a bug that causes the tool to crash, and a bug that causes a deadlock.

The authoritative source for updated information is always the online issue tracking system. Issues that affect this tool will be marked as such. You can see a list of such issues at the following URL: http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-upgrade <http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-upgrade>.

See also "BUGS" for more information on filing bugs and getting help.

DESCRIPTION
pt-upgrade executes queries from slowlogs on one or more MySQL server to find differences in query time, warnings, results, and other aspects of the queries' execution. This helps evaluate upgrades, migrations and configuration changes. The comparisons specified by "--compare" determine what differences can be found. A report is printed which outlines all the differences found; see "OUTPUT" below.

The first DSN (host) specified on the command line is authoritative; it defines the results to which the other DSNs are compared. You can "compare" only one host, in which case there will be no differences but the output can be saved to be diffed later against the output of another single host "comparison".

At present, pt-upgrade only reads slowlogs. Use "pt-query-digest --print" to transform other log formats to slowlog.

DSNs and slowlog files can be specified in any order. pt-upgrade will automatically determine if an argument is a DSN or a slowlog file. If no slowlog files are given and "--query" is not specified then pt-upgrade will read from "STDIN".

OUTPUT
Queries are group by fingerprints and any with differences are printed. The first part of a query report is a summary of differences. In the example below, the query returns a different number of rows ("row counts") on each server. The second part is the side-by-side comparison of values obtained from the query on each server. Then a sample of the query is printed, preceded by its ID which can be used to locate more information in the sub-report at the end. There are sub-reports for various types of differences.

  # Query 1: ID 0x3C830E3839B916D7 at byte 0 _______________________________
  # Found 1 differences in 1 samples:
  #   column counts   0
  #   column types    0
  #   column values   0
  #   row counts      1
  #   warning counts  0
  #   warning levels  0
  #   warnings        0
  #            127.1:12345 127.1:12348
  # Errors               0           0
  # Warnings             0           0
  # Query_time
  #   sum                0           0
  #   min                0           0
  #   max                0           0
  #   avg                0           0
  #   pct_95             0           0
  #   stddev             0           0
  #   median             0           0
  # row_count
  #   sum                4           3
  #   min                4           3
  #   max                4           3
  #   avg                4           3
  #   pct_95             4           3
  #   stddev             0           0
  #   median             4           3
  use `test`;
  select i from t where i is not null

  /* 3C830E3839B916D7-1 */ select i from t where i is not null

  # Row count differences
  # Query ID           127.1:12345 127.1:12348
  # ================== =========== ===========
  # 3C830E3839B916D7-1           4           3

The output will vary slightly depending on which options are specified.

OPTIONS
This tool accepts additional command-line arguments. Refer to the "SYNOPSIS" and usage information for details.

--ask-pass
    Prompt for a password when connecting to MySQL.

--base-dir
    type: string; default: /tmp

    Save outfiles for the "rows" comparison method in this directory.

    See the "rows" "--compare-results-method".

--charset
    short form: -A; type: string

    Default character set. If the value is utf8, sets Perl's binmode on STDOUT to utf8, passes the mysql_enable_utf8 option to DBD::mysql, and runs SET NAMES UTF8 after connecting to MySQL. Any other value sets binmode on STDOUT without the utf8 layer, and runs SET NAMES after connecting to MySQL.

--[no]clear-warnings
    default: yes

    Clear warnings before each warnings comparison.

    If comparing warnings ("--compare" includes "warnings"), this option causes pt-upgrade to execute a successful "SELECT" statement which clears any warnings left over from previous queries. This requires a current database that pt-upgrade usually detects automatically, but in some cases it might be necessary to specify "--temp-database". If pt-upgrade can't auto-detect the current database, it will create a temporary table in the "--temp-database" called "mk_upgrade_clear_warnings".

--clear-warnings-table
    type: string

    Execute "SELECT * FROM ... LIMIT 1" from this table to clear warnings.

--compare
    type: Hash; default: query_times,results,warnings

    What to compare for each query executed on each host.

    Comparisons determine differences when the queries are executed on the hosts. More comparisons enable more differences to be detected. The following comparisons are available:

    query_times
        Compare query execution times. If this comparison is disabled, the queries are still executed so that other comparisons will work, but the query time attributes are removed from the events.

    results
        Compare result sets to find differences in rows, columns, etc.

        What differences can be found depends on the "--compare-results-method" used.

    warnings
        Compare warnings from "SHOW WARNINGS". Requires at least MySQL 4.1.

--compare-results-method
    type: string; default: CHECKSUM; group: Comparisons

    Method to use for "--compare" "results". This option has no effect if "--no-compare-results" is given.

    Available compare methods (case-insensitive):

    CHECKSUM
        Do "CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE `mk_upgrade` AS query" then "CHECKSUM TABLE `mk_upgrade`". This method is fast and simple but in rare cases might it be inaccurate because the MySQL manual says:

          [The] fact that two tables produce the same checksum does I<not> mean that
          the tables are identical.

        Requires at least MySQL 4.1.

    rows
        Compare rows one-by-one to find differences. This method has advantages and disadvantages. Its disadvantages are that it may be slower and it requires writing and reading outfiles from disk. Its advantages are that it is universal (works for all versions of MySQL), it doesn't alter the query in any way, and it can find column value differences.

        The "rows" method works as follows:

          1. Rows from each host are compared one-by-one.
          2. If no differences are found, comparison stops, else...
          3. All remain rows (after the point where they begin to differ)
             are written to outfiles.
          4. The outfiles are loaded into temporary tables with
             C<LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE>.
          5. The temporary tables are analyzed to determine the differences.

        The outfiles are written to the "--base-dir".

--config
    type: Array

    Read this comma-separated list of config files; if specified, this must be the first option on the command line.

--continue-on-error
    Continue working even if there is an error.

--convert-to-select
    Convert non-SELECT statements to SELECTs and compare.

    By default non-SELECT statements are not allowed. This option causes non-SELECT statements (like UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE) to be converted to SELECT statements, executed and compared.

    For example, "DELETE col FROM tbl WHERE id=1" is converted to "SELECT col FROM tbl WHERE id=1".

--daemonize
    Fork to the background and detach from the shell. POSIX operating systems only.

--explain-hosts
    Print connection information and exit.

--filter
    type: string

    Discard events for which this Perl code doesn't return true.

    This option is a string of Perl code or a file containing Perl code that gets compiled into a subroutine with one argument: $event. This is a hashref. If the given value is a readable file, then pt-upgrade reads the entire file and uses its contents as the code. The file should not contain a shebang (#!/usr/bin/perl) line.

    If the code returns true, the chain of callbacks continues; otherwise it ends. The code is the last statement in the subroutine other than "return $event". The subroutine template is:

      sub { $event = shift; filter && return $event; }

    Filters given on the command line are wrapped inside parentheses like like "( filter )". For complex, multi-line filters, you must put the code inside a file so it will not be wrapped inside parentheses. Either way, the filter must produce syntactically valid code given the template. For example, an if-else branch given on the command line would not be valid:

      --filter 'if () { } else { }'  # WRONG

    Since it's given on the command line, the if-else branch would be wrapped inside parentheses which is not syntactically valid. So to accomplish something more complex like this would require putting the code in a file, for example filter.txt:

      my $event_ok; if (...) { $event_ok=1; } else { $event_ok=0; } $event_ok

    Then specify "--filter filter.txt" to read the code from filter.txt.

    If the filter code won't compile, pt-upgrade will die with an error. If the filter code does compile, an error may still occur at runtime if the code tries to do something wrong (like pattern match an undefined value). pt-upgrade does not provide any safeguards so code carefully!

    An example filter that discards everything but SELECT statements:

      --filter '$event->{arg} =~ m/^select/i'

    This is compiled into a subroutine like the following:

      sub { $event = shift; ( $event->{arg} =~ m/^select/i ) && return $event; }

    It is permissible for the code to have side effects (to alter $event).

    You can find an explanation of the structure of $event at <http://code.google.com/p/maatkit/wiki/EventAttributes>.

--fingerprints
    Add query fingerprints to the standard query analysis report. This is mostly useful for debugging purposes.

--float-precision
    type: int

    Round float, double and decimal values to this many places.

    This option helps eliminate false-positives caused by floating-point imprecision.

--help
    Show help and exit.

--host
    short form: -h; type: string

    Connect to host.

--iterations
    type: int; default: 1

    How many times to iterate through the collect-and-report cycle. If 0, iterate to infinity. See also --run-time.

--limit
    type: string; default: 95%:20

    Limit output to the given percentage or count.

    If the argument is an integer, report only the top N worst queries. If the argument is an integer followed by the "%" sign, report that percentage of the worst queries. If the percentage is followed by a colon and another integer, report the top percentage or the number specified by that integer, whichever comes first.

--log
    type: string

    Print all output to this file when daemonized.

--max-different-rows
    type: int; default: 10

    Stop comparing rows for "--compare-results-method rows" after this many differences are found.

--order-by
    type: string; default: differences:sum

    Sort events by this attribute and aggregate function.

--password
    short form: -p; type: string

    Password to use when connecting.

--pid
    type: string

    Create the given PID file when daemonized. The file contains the process ID of the daemonized instance. The PID file is removed when the daemonized instance exits. The program checks for the existence of the PID file when starting; if it exists and the process with the matching PID exists, the program exits.

--port
    short form: -P; type: int

    Port number to use for connection.

--query
    type: string

    Execute and compare this single query; ignores files on command line.

    This option allows you to supply a single query on the command line. Any slowlogs also specified on the command line are ignored.

--reports
    type: Hash; default: queries,differences,errors,statistics

    Print these reports. Valid reports are queries, differences, errors, and statistics.

    See "OUTPUT" for more information on the various parts of the report.

--run-time
    type: time

    How long to run before exiting. The default is to run forever (you can interrupt with CTRL-C).

--set-vars
    type: string; default: wait_timeout=10000,query_cache_type=0

    Set these MySQL variables. Immediately after connecting to MySQL, this string will be appended to SET and executed.

--shorten
    type: int; default: 1024

    Shorten long statements in reports.

    Shortens long statements, replacing the omitted portion with a "/*... omitted ...*/" comment. This applies only to the output in reports. It prevents a large statement from causing difficulty in a report. The argument is the preferred length of the shortened statement. Not all statements can be shortened, but very large INSERT and similar statements often can; and so can IN() lists, although only the first such list in the statement will be shortened.

    If it shortens something beyond recognition, you can find the original statement in the log, at the offset shown in the report header (see "OUTPUT").

--socket
    short form: -S; type: string

    Socket file to use for connection.

--temp-database
    type: string

    Use this database for creating temporary tables.

    If given, this database is used for creating temporary tables for the results comparison (see "--compare"). Otherwise, the current database (from the last event that specified its database) is used.

--temp-table
    type: string; default: mk_upgrade

    Use this table for checksumming results.

--user
    short form: -u; type: string

    User for login if not current user.

--version
    Show version and exit.

--zero-query-times
    Zero the query times in the report.

DSN OPTIONS
These DSN options are used to create a DSN. Each option is given like "option=value". The options are case-sensitive, so P and p are not the same option. There cannot be whitespace before or after the "=", and if the value contains whitespace it must be quoted. DSN options are comma-separated. See the percona-toolkit manpage for full details.

•   A

    dsn: charset; copy: yes

    Default character set.

•   D

    dsn: database; copy: yes

    Default database.

•   F

    dsn: mysql_read_default_file; copy: yes

    Only read default options from the given file

•   h

    dsn: host; copy: yes

    Connect to host.

•   p

    dsn: password; copy: yes

    Password to use when connecting.

•   P

    dsn: port; copy: yes

    Port number to use for connection.

•   S

    dsn: mysql_socket; copy: yes

    Socket file to use for connection.

•   u

    dsn: user; copy: yes

    User for login if not current user.

ENVIRONMENT
The environment variable "PTDEBUG" enables verbose debugging output to STDERR. To enable debugging and capture all output to a file, run the tool like:

   PTDEBUG=1 pt-upgrade ... > FILE 2>&1

Be careful: debugging output is voluminous and can generate several megabytes of output.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
You need Perl, DBI, DBD::mysql, and some core packages that ought to be installed in any reasonably new version of Perl.

BUGS
For a list of known bugs, see http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-upgrade <http://www.percona.com/bugs/pt-upgrade>.

Please report bugs at https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-toolkit <https://bugs.launchpad.net/percona-toolkit>. Include the following information in your bug report:

•   Complete command-line used to run the tool

•   Tool "--version"

•   MySQL version of all servers involved

•   Output from the tool including STDERR

•   Input files (log/dump/config files, etc.)

If possible, include debugging output by running the tool with "PTDEBUG"; see "ENVIRONMENT".

DOWNLOADING
Visit http://www.percona.com/software/percona-toolkit/ <http://www.percona.com/software/percona-toolkit/> to download the latest release of Percona Toolkit. Or, get the latest release from the command line:

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.tar.gz

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.rpm

   wget percona.com/get/percona-toolkit.deb

You can also get individual tools from the latest release:

   wget percona.com/get/TOOL

Replace "TOOL" with the name of any tool.

AUTHORS
Daniel Nichter

ABOUT PERCONA TOOLKIT
This tool is part of Percona Toolkit, a collection of advanced command-line tools developed by Percona for MySQL support and consulting. Percona Toolkit was forked from two projects in June, 2011: Maatkit and Aspersa. Those projects were created by Baron Schwartz and developed primarily by him and Daniel Nichter, both of whom are employed by Percona. Visit <http://www.percona.com/software/> for more software developed by Percona.

COPYRIGHT, LICENSE, AND WARRANTY
This program is copyright 2009-2012 Percona Inc. Feedback and improvements are welcome.

THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2; OR the Perl Artistic License. On UNIX and similar systems, you can issue `man perlgpl' or `man perlartistic' to read these licenses.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.

VERSION
pt-upgrade 2.1.2