Sudoku Manual Page

## SYNOPSIS

           (play the game)
    	      sudoku [options] ...  [<filename>]

           (generate boards)
    	      sudoku -g [<num>] [options] ...

           (solve boards)
    	      sudoku -v [options] ...

           (calculate statistics)
    	      sudoku -s [options] ...

## DESCRIPTION

           The  sudoku board game is played on a 9x9 grid, divided into rows, col-
           umns, and 9 blocks of 3x3 squares. The objective is to fill  the  empty
           squares	with  the digits 1-9, so that each row, column, and block con-
           tains each of the digits 1-9 (and hence, it is  not  possible  for  any
           digit to appear twice in the same row, column or block).

## EXAMPLE

           Consider the following board, and the squares marked `a'-`h' and `x':

    	 5 . a | 6 b 1 | . . .	     The digits appearing in each of the
    	 7 9 . | . . . | c 6 8	     squares `a'-`h' can be uniquely
    	 d 3 . | . 8 . | 7 . .	     determined. For example, the value
    	-------+-------+-------      at `a' must be 8, since an 8 appears
    	 . 5 . | 4 1 e | . . 2	     in the other rows and columns of the
    	 . . 1 | f x . | 6 . .	     block. Using similar logic, it must
    	 8 . . | . 3 7 | . 4 .	     be true that:
    	-------+-------+------- 	  b = 7        f = 8
    	 . . 4 | . 9 . | g 2 .		  c = 1        g = 8
    	 2 8 h | . . . | . 9 7		  d = 1        h = 5
    	 . . . | 5 i 8 | . . 6		  e = 6        i = 2

           In  contrast, it is not possible to uniquely determine the value of `x'
           with the given information - it could take either the value 2 or 5.

           The board now contains the squares:

    	 5 . 8 | 6 7 1 | . . .	  It is now possible to determine the values
    	 7 9 . | . . . | 1 6 8	  appearing in other empty squares.
    	 1 3 . | . 8 . | 7 . .
    	-------+-------+-------
    	 . 5 . | 4 1 6 | . . 2
    	 . . 1 | 8 x . | 6 . .	  <<< the value of x must now be 5.
    	 8 . . | . 3 7 | . 4 .
    	-------+-------+-------
    	 . . 4 | . 9 . | 8 2 .
    	 2 8 5 | . . . | . 9 7
    	 . . . | 5 2 8 | . . 6

           Repeating this process a few more times reveals the solution:

    	 5 4 8 | 6 7 1 | 2 3 9
    	 7 9 2 | 3 4 5 | 1 6 8
    	 1 3 6 | 9 8 2 | 7 5 4
    	-------+-------+-------
    	 3 5 7 | 4 1 6 | 9 8 2
    	 4 2 1 | 8 5 9 | 6 7 3
    	 8 6 9 | 2 3 7 | 5 4 1
    	-------+-------+-------
    	 6 1 4 | 7 9 3 | 8 2 5
    	 2 8 5 | 1 6 4 | 3 9 7
    	 9 7 3 | 5 2 8 | 4 1 6

## GAME INTERFACE

           The sudoku game has  a  simple  text  interface	(using	the  curses(3)
           library).  The  board  is  displayed in the middle of the screen, along
           with a summary of the allowed key presses.  The	cursor	can  be  moved
           around  the  board  using the arrow keys or the standard vi(1) movement
           keys, and each square (except for the fixed board squares that are ini-
           tially  revealed)  can  be  set to a given digit by pressing the corre-
           sponding number key, or cleared by  pressing  either  the  `0'  or  `.'
           keys.

       Generating a New Board
           A  new  board can be generated at any time by pressing the `n' key, and
           either a precanned or randomly generated board will be  displayed.   If
           the  -n	command line option is set, then only precanned boards will be
           displayed.

       Entering a Custom Board
           A custom board (e.g. found on the internet, or published in  a  newspa-
           per)  can  be entered into the game by first clearing the current board
           (press the `c' key), entering the published squares (using  the	cursor
           motion  keys and entering the appropriate numbers), and then fixing the
           squares by pressing the `f' key. At this  point,  the  entered  squares
           will be fixed (and cannot be changed).

       Hints
           The interactive game provides a simple hint mechanism to provide assis-
           tance in solving the board. It attempts to highlight areas of the board
           where  moves  can  be made. If repeated hints are requested, the system
           starts revealing the digit that can be placed on the board.

           Often the hints can be quite cryptic. For example, consider  the  board
           below:

    	   v v v

    	   . . 7 | . . 9 | . . .
    	   9 . 6 | 7 4 . | . 1 5
    	   . . 2 | 5 1 . | . . .
    	  -------+-------+-------
    	>  6 . 5 | . 7 . | . . 8  <    The characters ><v^ highlight the
    	>  . 7 . | . . . | . 3 .  <    area of the hint
    	>  8 . . | . . . | 7 . 6  <
    	  -------+-------+-------
    	   . . . | . 6 7 | 8 . .
    	   7 4 . | . 5 . | 9 6 2
    	   . 6 . | 4 . . | . . .

    	   ^ ^ ^

           The  system  gives  the hint `try the digit 3', but it is certainly not
           obvious, with the revealed squares, where the 3 goes.

## OPTIONS

           -d     Describe the moves needed to solve the board. Can only  be  used
    	      with the -v option for solving precanned boards.

           -f<format>
    	      Set output format. The supported formats are:
    		standard  Default text format; std is a shortcut.
    		compact   Compact text format.
    		csv	  Comma separated values, suitable for importing
    			  into a spreadsheet.
    		postscriptps is a shortcut.
    		html	  Simple HTML.

           -g[<num>]
    	      Generate	<num>  boards  (or just 1 board, if not specified) and
    	      write them to standard output.

           -n     No random boards generated in the interactive game. Requires the
    	      optional file of precanned boards to be specified.

           -r     Run in restricted mode, disallowing any games to be saved.

           -s     Calculate  statistics  for  the precanned boards, and attempt to
    	      classify the difficulty of solving the boards. Can be used  with
    	      the -v option.

           -t<filename>
    	      Set  the template file. The file set on the command line will be
    	      used instead of the default template file.

           -v     Solve precanned boards, writing the solution to standard output.

           <filename>
    	      Name of the optional file containing precanned boards.

## ENVIRONMENT

           No environment variables are used directly by the sudoku program.

## FILES

           /usr/lib/sudoku/template
    	      Template file for generating new sudoku boards.

           /usr/lib/sudoku/precanned
    	      Optional file, containing `precanned' sudoku boards.

## FILE FORMATS

       /usr/lib/sudoku/template
           The  template  file  contains  a sequence of patterns that are used for
           generating new sudoku boards. Each pattern is started by a line with  a
           leading	`%'  character,  and  consists of 9 lines of 9 characters. The
           character `.' represents a square that  is  initially  blank,  and  the
           character  `*'  represents a square with a digit that is initially dis-
           played.

       Compact text format
           This format is similar to that of the template file, but contains  rep-
           resentations  of  game  boards.	Each board is started by a line with a
           leading `%' character, followed by an optional title for the board that
           is  displayed when the game is played. This is followed by 9 lines of 9
           characters, where the  character  `.'  represents  an  initially  empty
           square,	and  the  characters  `1'-`9'  give the value of a fixed board
           square that is initially displayed. The sudoku program  can  read  pre-
           canned  files  in  this	format, and will write them when the -fcompact
           option is set.

       Standard text format
           This format is very similar to the compact text	format,  but  includes
           additional  characters  to  delimit the blocks in the board. The sudoku
           program can read precanned files in this format,  and  writes  them  by
           default, unless another output format is set by the -f option.

       Comma separated text format
           This  format  is useful for importing sudoku boards into a spreadsheet.
           It represents each board by 9 lines of  comma  separated  fields.  Each
           field  is  blank,  or contains a digit.	The sudoku program cannot read
           precanned files in this format, and writes them when the  -fcsv	option
           is set. Unlike the standard or compact text formats, there are no lines
           separating boards, and hence, it is really only feasible to  store  one
           board per file.

       Postscript format
           This  format  is useful for printing out sudoku boards. The sudoku pro-
           gram cannot read boards stored in this format, and writes them when the
           -fpostscript  option  is  set. Unlike the standard or compact text for-
           mats, it is not possible to store multiple boards in the same file.

       HTML format
           This format is useful for printing out sudoku boards. The  sudoku  pro-
           gram cannot read boards stored in this format, and writes them when the
           -fhtml option is set. Unlike the standard or compact text  formats,  it
           is not possible to store multiple boards in the same file.

## SEE ALSO

           There  are  a  large  number of websites dedicated to the sudoku puzzle
           that can be found easily using a search engine.	Some  of  these  sites
           provide	game  boards that can be challenging to solve, and others pro-
           vide strategies for finding moves.

## DIAGNOSTICS

           There are limited diagnostics available when an error occurs.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

           Mark Foreman for the HTML output format; Joanna Ferris and Heather  for
           encouraging this endeavour.

## AUTHOR

           Michael Kennett (mike@laurasia.com.au)

## COPYRIGHT

           This  manual  page, and all associated files, have been placed into the
           public domain by Michael Kennett, July 2005. They may be used  by  any-
           body  for  any  purpose	whatsoever,  however NO WARRANTY, of any sort,
           applies to this work.