Introduction to Fancy - Rubinius
Author: Less Than Three. <3. http://less.thanthree.com
Description: Rubinius is an implementation of the Ruby programming language. The Rubinius bytecode virtual machine is written in C++. The bytecode compiler is written in pure Ruby. The vast majority of the core library is also written in Ruby, with some supporting primitives that interact with the VM directly.

1.2.3

## Introduction to Fancy

Christopher Bertels 23 February 2011

Fancy is a new general-purpose programming language targetting the Rubinius VM.

This blog post will give a short introduction to the language, what kind of problems it’s trying to solve and why I chose Rubinius as the VM to run Fancy on.

### What is Fancy?

Fancy is a new general-purpose, dynamic, pure object-oriented programming language heavily inspired by Ruby, Smalltalk and Erlang that runs on the Rubinius VM. It’s the first fully bootstrapped language, aside from Ruby, running on Rubinius. This means that the compiler that generates bytecode for Rubinius is written in Fancy itself.

You can think of Fancy as a mix of features from the mentioned languages above, taking each of their strengths and improving upon their weaknesses. Fancy has a very small core and is largely based on the concept of message passing, just like Smalltalk. It tries to have as many language concepts being first-class values in the language.

Just like Ruby, Fancy is a dynamic object-oriented language that allows changing code at runtime, everything being an expression and generally embracing more then one way to do things. Fancy also has all the literal support that Ruby has, plus literal syntax for Tuples and Patterns (more on that below).

In contrast to Ruby and just like Smalltalk, Fancy has a very small amount of built-in keywords and all of the control structures are implemented in terms of message sends to objects using closures.

The third language that served as an inspiration is Erlang, from which Fancy takes the idea that concurrent programming should be easy by having the Actor Model built into the language. This part is still a work in progress, but should come together soon. The fact that Rubinius has a built-in Channel type, inter-VM communication capabilities and even an actor library makes implementing this easier than in traditional systems.

### Why Fancy?

I believe there is real value in having a language that supports certain things out of the box. Especially when it comes to things like asynchronous and concurrent programming, having proper semantics built into the language can often help developers more than a library can. Very often it’s not just about the functionality itself but also about the semantics you want that functionality to have. This can cause problems particularly if the language’s semantics differ from what your library is trying to solve. A good example is the callback-based approach to asynchronous progamming which leads to code that differs both in semantics as well as how code is structured, compared to synchronous code. Ideally you’d still want to write code in a synchronous fashion, where exceptions pop up naturally while still being highly asynchronous.

In that sense Fancy is more flexible than Ruby as there’s not many special case semantics built in to the core language. Everything’s done via message passing, which fits nicely the actor model approach to concurrency. Fancy’s syntax is a lot simpler, too.

Since all the core control structures are just implemented in Fancy itself and adhere to the message passing protocol, you can easily override them for your personal needs. This is especially interesting when implementing domain specific languages. Say, you’d want to add some logging to conditional or looping constructs - it’s as easy as overriding a method in your DSL’s classes. Fancy also has class-based mixins, so it makes it easy to share functionality across class hierarchy boundaries.

Finally, I created Fancy because I wanted a language implementation that was well documented, easy to understand and very flexible to extend. Ruby is a nice language, but it has some inconsistencies and there’s only so much you can do when you’re bound by backwards compatibility. By starting fresh, Fancy has a clean, simple and easy to extend core which allows further exploration of features and abstractions.

### Why target Rubinius?

The initial implementation of Fancy was a simple interpreter written in C++, similar to how Ruby 1.8 (MRI) works. It was a simple AST walker. After moving to Rubinius and writing an initial bootstrap compiler in Ruby, the codebase shrank to about 20% of the original implementation while actually being more performant. This of course is mostly due to Rubinius’ architecture and JIT compiler but it was a great experience nontheless.

The nice part about having a common virtual machine and runtime is that you’re not forced to a completely different platform to get the job done. Fancy and Ruby can coexist in the same application nicely and calling code from one another is dead simple. In fact, as of now, Rubinius doesn’t know anything about Fancy. And it shouldn’t. As long as all languages running on top of it adhere to the same interface (in this case the bytecode), it should just work fine.

Choosing Rubinius as a successor platform for Fancy was easy. It’s built for Ruby, a language that’s closely related to Fancy. Rubinius, while having been developed as a VM for running Ruby code, is very flexible and there are many features that abstract over Ruby’s external semantics. It was just a natural choice given the fact that Rubinius’ architecture and design was heavily influenced by Smalltalk VMs. Also, it’s a very nice dynamic bytecode virtual machine. The community is very responsive and helpful. Bugs get fixed instantly, there’s always someone to help out and overall it’s been a great experience.

### Let’s look at some code!

OK, enough talking. Let’s have a look on how to get some Fancy code up and running. Our little sample application will be a simple IRC bot that connects to Fancy’s irc channel on Freenode and says hello to everyone that greets it. To make life easier, there’s already a Fancy package out there that helps with exactly this task: FancyIRC.

FancyIRC is a simple IRC client library inspired by Ruby’s IRC bot framework Cinch. It’s much simpler and the code is fairly easy to read, but it gives you a similar interface for writing IRC clients or bots.

So let’s get going by installing Fancy. You can either use the Fancy Rubygem and install it with Rubinius or get the code from GitHub and run `rake` in the directory. You’ll also then have to add the `bin` directory to your `$PATH`. If you want the latest and greatest version of Fancy I recommend building directly from source, as the Gem might not be up to date all the time. For demonstration purposes, let’s install the Rubygem.

    $ rbx -S gem install fancy

To get the FancyIRC package we use Fancy’s built-in package manager, which knows how to find the code on GitHub and install it locally:

    $ fancy install bakkdoor/fancy_irc

#### Writing the code

     1 require: "fancy_irc"
     2
     3 greeter_bot = FancyIRC Client new: {
     4   configuration: {
     5     nickname: "greeter_bot"
     6     server: "irc.freenode.net"
     7     port: 6667
     8     channels: ["#fancy"]
     9   }
    10
    11   # greet person back
    12   on: 'channel pattern: /^[hH]ello greeter_bot/ do: |msg| {
    13     msg reply: "Hello to you too, #{msg author}!"
    14   }
    15
    16   # "echo" command
    17   # invoke with: !echo <text>
    18   on: 'channel pattern: /^!echo (.*)$/ do: |msg, text| {
    19     msg reply: "#{msg author} said: #{text}"
    20   }
    21
    22   # tell bot to shutdown via !shutdown command
    23   on: 'channel pattern: /^!shutdown/ do: |msg| {
    24     msg reply: "OK, shutting down"
    25     System exit
    26   }
    27 }
    28
    29 greeter_bot connect
    30 greeter_bot run

I think the code is pretty straight forward. This should give you a feeling for what Fancy looks and feels like. There is of course lots more to Fancy than what was shown here. It would not fit into a single blog post.

A quick list of what’s currently being worked on:

- New pattern matching system: Message passing based pattern matching that preserves encapsulation and is very extensible including pattern literals that allow custom pattern types to be defined by anyone. There’s an experimental branch for that. I’m happy to answer questions.
- Async support using coroutines (Fibers) - Write async code in a more natural way where exceptions propagate naturally and you don’t have to think about callbacks all the time.
- First-class support for actors - Asynchronous message sends, Futures and multi-vm messaging built-in.
- And much more…

### Interested?

If you got interested in Fancy and want to know where to go next, here’s a short list of things to check out:

- Fancy’s GitHub repository. The standard library is completely written in Fancy and most classes and methods have docstrings. It should be fairly easy to understand.
- Programming InFancy An open source tutorial on learning Fancy. Work in progress.
- http://api.fancy-lang.org A work in progress page containing Fancy’s standard library class and method documentation.
- Fancy’s Google Group mailinglist
- IRC Channel: #fancy @ irc.freenode.net
- Website: http://www.fancy-lang.org