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# Motion Analysis and Object Tracking

## calcOpticalFlowPyrLK

Calculates an optical flow for a sparse feature set using the iterative Lucas-Kanade method with pyramids.

C++:`` void `calcOpticalFlowPyrLK`(InputArray prevImg, InputArray nextImg, InputArray prevPts, InputOutputArray nextPts, OutputArray status, OutputArray err, Size winSize=Size(21,21), int maxLevel=3, TermCriteria criteria=TermCriteria(TermCriteria::COUNT+TermCriteria::EPS, 30, 0.01), int flags=0, double minEigThreshold=1e-4 )

Python:`` `cv2.``calcOpticalFlowPyrLK`(prevImg, nextImg, prevPts[, nextPts[, status[, err[, winSize[, maxLevel[, criteria[, flags[, minEigThreshold]]]]]]]]) → nextPts, status, err

C:`` void `cvCalcOpticalFlowPyrLK`(const CvArr* prev, const CvArr* curr, CvArr* prev_pyr, CvArr* curr_pyr, const CvPoint2D32f* prev_features, CvPoint2D32f* curr_features, int count, CvSize win_size, int level, char* status, float* track_error, CvTermCriteria criteria, int flags)

Python:`` `cv.``CalcOpticalFlowPyrLK`(prev, curr, prevPyr, currPyr, prevFeatures, winSize, level, criteria, flags, guesses=None) -> (currFeatures, status, track_error)

  Parameters: | prevImg – first 8-bit input image or pyramid constructed by `buildOpticalFlowPyramid()`. nextImg – second input image or pyramid of the same size and the same type as `prevImg`. prevPts – vector of 2D points for which the flow needs to be found; point coordinates must be single-precision floating-point numbers. nextPts – output vector of 2D points (with single-precision floating-point coordinates) containing the calculated new positions of input features in the second image; when `OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW` flag is passed, the vector must have the same size as in the input. status – output status vector (of unsigned chars); each element of the vector is set to 1 if the flow for the corresponding features has been found, otherwise, it is set to 0. err – output vector of errors; each element of the vector is set to an error for the corresponding feature, type of the error measure can be set in `flags` parameter; if the flow wasn’t found then the error is not defined (use the `status` parameter to find such cases). winSize – size of the search window at each pyramid level. maxLevel – 0-based maximal pyramid level number; if set to 0, pyramids are not used (single level), if set to 1, two levels are used, and so on; if pyramids are passed to input then algorithm will use as many levels as pyramids have but no more than `maxLevel`. criteria – parameter, specifying the termination criteria of the iterative search algorithm (after the specified maximum number of iterations `criteria.maxCount` or when the search window moves by less than `criteria.epsilon`. flags – operation flags: OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW uses initial estimations, stored in `nextPts`; if the flag is not set, then `prevPts` is copied to `nextPts` and is considered the initial estimate. OPTFLOW_LK_GET_MIN_EIGENVALS use minimum eigen values as an error measure (see `minEigThreshold` description); if the flag is not set, then L1 distance between patches around the original and a moved point, divided by number of pixels in a window, is used as a error measure. minEigThreshold – the algorithm calculates the minimum eigen value of a 2x2 normal matrix of optical flow equations (this matrix is called a spatial gradient matrix in [Bouguet00]), divided by number of pixels in a window; if this value is less than `minEigThreshold`, then a corresponding feature is filtered out and its flow is not processed, so it allows to remove bad points and get a performance boost.

The function implements a sparse iterative version of the Lucas-Kanade optical flow in pyramids. See [Bouguet00]. The function is parallelized with the TBB library.

Note

- An example using the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/cpp/lkdemo.cpp
- (Python) An example using the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/python2/lk_track.py
- (Python) An example using the Lucas-Kanade tracker for homography matching can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/python2/lk_homography.py

## buildOpticalFlowPyramid

Constructs the image pyramid which can be passed to `calcOpticalFlowPyrLK()`.

C++:`` int `buildOpticalFlowPyramid`(InputArray img, OutputArrayOfArrays pyramid, Size winSize, int maxLevel, bool withDerivatives=true, int pyrBorder=BORDER_REFLECT_101, int derivBorder=BORDER_CONSTANT, bool tryReuseInputImage=true)

Python:`` `cv2.``buildOpticalFlowPyramid`(img, winSize, maxLevel[, pyramid[, withDerivatives[, pyrBorder[, derivBorder[, tryReuseInputImage]]]]]) → retval, pyramid

  Parameters: | img – 8-bit input image. pyramid – output pyramid. winSize – window size of optical flow algorithm. Must be not less than `winSize` argument of `calcOpticalFlowPyrLK()`. It is needed to calculate required padding for pyramid levels. maxLevel – 0-based maximal pyramid level number. withDerivatives – set to precompute gradients for the every pyramid level. If pyramid is constructed without the gradients then `calcOpticalFlowPyrLK()` will calculate them internally. pyrBorder – the border mode for pyramid layers. derivBorder – the border mode for gradients. tryReuseInputImage – put ROI of input image into the pyramid if possible. You can pass `false` to force data copying.
  Returns: | number of levels in constructed pyramid. Can be less than `maxLevel`.

## calcOpticalFlowFarneback

Computes a dense optical flow using the Gunnar Farneback’s algorithm.

C++:`` void `calcOpticalFlowFarneback`(InputArray prev, InputArray next, InputOutputArray flow, double pyr_scale, int levels, int winsize, int iterations, int poly_n, double poly_sigma, int flags)

C:`` void `cvCalcOpticalFlowFarneback`(const CvArr* prev, const CvArr* next, CvArr* flow, double pyr_scale, int levels, int winsize, int iterations, int poly_n, double poly_sigma, int flags)

Python:`` `cv2.``calcOpticalFlowFarneback`(prev, next, pyr_scale, levels, winsize, iterations, poly_n, poly_sigma, flags[, flow]) → flow

  Parameters: | prev – first 8-bit single-channel input image. next – second input image of the same size and the same type as `prev`. flow – computed flow image that has the same size as `prev` and type `CV_32FC2`. pyr_scale – parameter, specifying the image scale (<1) to build pyramids for each image; `pyr_scale=0.5` means a classical pyramid, where each next layer is twice smaller than the previous one. levels – number of pyramid layers including the initial image; `levels=1` means that no extra layers are created and only the original images are used. winsize – averaging window size; larger values increase the algorithm robustness to image noise and give more chances for fast motion detection, but yield more blurred motion field. iterations – number of iterations the algorithm does at each pyramid level. poly_n – size of the pixel neighborhood used to find polynomial expansion in each pixel; larger values mean that the image will be approximated with smoother surfaces, yielding more robust algorithm and more blurred motion field, typically `poly_n` =5 or 7. poly_sigma – standard deviation of the Gaussian that is used to smooth derivatives used as a basis for the polynomial expansion; for `poly_n=5`, you can set `poly_sigma=1.1`, for `poly_n=7`, a good value would be `poly_sigma=1.5`. flags – operation flags that can be a combination of the following: OPTFLOW_USE_INITIAL_FLOW uses the input `flow` as an initial flow approximation. OPTFLOW_FARNEBACK_GAUSSIAN uses the Gaussian \texttt{winsize}\times\texttt{winsize} filter instead of a box filter of the same size for optical flow estimation; usually, this option gives z more accurate flow than with a box filter, at the cost of lower speed; normally, `winsize` for a Gaussian window should be set to a larger value to achieve the same level of robustness.

The function finds an optical flow for each `prev` pixel using the [Farneback2003] algorithm so that

\texttt{prev} (y,x) \sim \texttt{next} ( y + \texttt{flow} (y,x)[1], x + \texttt{flow} (y,x)[0])

Note

- An example using the optical flow algorithm described by Gunnar Farneback can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/cpp/fback.cpp
- (Python) An example using the optical flow algorithm described by Gunnar Farneback can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/python2/opt_flow.py

## estimateRigidTransform

Computes an optimal affine transformation between two 2D point sets.

C++:`` Mat `estimateRigidTransform`(InputArray src, InputArray dst, bool fullAffine)

Python:`` `cv2.``estimateRigidTransform`(src, dst, fullAffine) → retval

  Parameters: | src – First input 2D point set stored in `std::vector` or `Mat`, or an image stored in `Mat`. dst – Second input 2D point set of the same size and the same type as `A`, or another image. fullAffine – If true, the function finds an optimal affine transformation with no additional restrictions (6 degrees of freedom). Otherwise, the class of transformations to choose from is limited to combinations of translation, rotation, and uniform scaling (5 degrees of freedom).

The function finds an optimal affine transform [A|b] (a `2 x 3` floating-point matrix) that approximates best the affine transformation between:

> - Two point sets
> - Two raster images. In this case, the function first finds some features in the `src` image and finds the corresponding features in `dst` image. After that, the problem is reduced to the first case.

In case of point sets, the problem is formulated as follows: you need to find a 2x2 matrix A and 2x1 vector b so that:

> [A^*|b^*] = arg \min _{[A|b]} \sum _i \| \texttt{dst}[i] - A { \texttt{src}[i]}^T - b \| ^2

> where `src[i]` and `dst[i]` are the i-th points in `src` and `dst`, respectively

> [A|b] can be either arbitrary (when `fullAffine=true` ) or have a form of

> \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & b_1 \\ -a_{12} & a_{11} & b_2 \end{bmatrix}

> when `fullAffine=false` .

See also

`getAffineTransform()`, `getPerspectiveTransform()`, `findHomography()`

## updateMotionHistory

Updates the motion history image by a moving silhouette.

C++:`` void `updateMotionHistory`(InputArray silhouette, InputOutputArray mhi, double timestamp, double duration)

Python:`` `cv2.``updateMotionHistory`(silhouette, mhi, timestamp, duration) → None

C:`` void `cvUpdateMotionHistory`(const CvArr* silhouette, CvArr* mhi, double timestamp, double duration)

Python:`` `cv.``UpdateMotionHistory`(silhouette, mhi, timestamp, duration) → None

  Parameters: | silhouette – Silhouette mask that has non-zero pixels where the motion occurs. mhi – Motion history image that is updated by the function (single-channel, 32-bit floating-point). timestamp – Current time in milliseconds or other units. duration – Maximal duration of the motion track in the same units as `timestamp` .

The function updates the motion history image as follows:

\texttt{mhi} (x,y)= \forkthree{\texttt{timestamp}}{if $\texttt{silhouette}(x,y) \ne 0$}{0}{if $\texttt{silhouette}(x,y) = 0$ and $\texttt{mhi} < (\texttt{timestamp} - \texttt{duration})$}{\texttt{mhi}(x,y)}{otherwise}

That is, MHI pixels where the motion occurs are set to the current `timestamp` , while the pixels where the motion happened last time a long time ago are cleared.

The function, together with `calcMotionGradient()` and `calcGlobalOrientation()` , implements a motion templates technique described in [Davis97] and [Bradski00]. See also the OpenCV sample `motempl.c` that demonstrates the use of all the motion template functions.

## calcMotionGradient

Calculates a gradient orientation of a motion history image.

C++:`` void `calcMotionGradient`(InputArray mhi, OutputArray mask, OutputArray orientation, double delta1, double delta2, int apertureSize=3 )

Python:`` `cv2.``calcMotionGradient`(mhi, delta1, delta2[, mask[, orientation[, apertureSize]]]) → mask, orientation

C:`` void `cvCalcMotionGradient`(const CvArr* mhi, CvArr* mask, CvArr* orientation, double delta1, double delta2, int aperture_size=3 )

Python:`` `cv.``CalcMotionGradient`(mhi, mask, orientation, delta1, delta2, apertureSize=3) → None

  Parameters: | mhi – Motion history single-channel floating-point image. mask – Output mask image that has the type `CV_8UC1` and the same size as `mhi` . Its non-zero elements mark pixels where the motion gradient data is correct. orientation – Output motion gradient orientation image that has the same type and the same size as `mhi` . Each pixel of the image is a motion orientation, from 0 to 360 degrees. delta1 – Minimal (or maximal) allowed difference between `mhi` values within a pixel neighborhood. delta2 – Maximal (or minimal) allowed difference between `mhi` values within a pixel neighborhood. That is, the function finds the minimum ( m(x,y) ) and maximum ( M(x,y) ) `mhi` values over 3 \times 3 neighborhood of each pixel and marks the motion orientation at (x, y) as valid only if \min ( \texttt{delta1} , \texttt{delta2} ) \le M(x,y)-m(x,y) \le \max ( \texttt{delta1} , \texttt{delta2} ). apertureSize – Aperture size of the `Sobel()` operator.

The function calculates a gradient orientation at each pixel (x, y) as:

\texttt{orientation} (x,y)= \arctan{\frac{d\texttt{mhi}/dy}{d\texttt{mhi}/dx}}

In fact, `fastAtan2()` and `phase()` are used so that the computed angle is measured in degrees and covers the full range 0..360. Also, the `mask` is filled to indicate pixels where the computed angle is valid.

Note

- (Python) An example on how to perform a motion template technique can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/python2/motempl.py

## calcGlobalOrientation

Calculates a global motion orientation in a selected region.

C++:`` double `calcGlobalOrientation`(InputArray orientation, InputArray mask, InputArray mhi, double timestamp, double duration)

Python:`` `cv2.``calcGlobalOrientation`(orientation, mask, mhi, timestamp, duration) → retval

C:`` double `cvCalcGlobalOrientation`(const CvArr* orientation, const CvArr* mask, const CvArr* mhi, double timestamp, double duration)

Python:`` `cv.``CalcGlobalOrientation`(orientation, mask, mhi, timestamp, duration) → float

  Parameters: | orientation – Motion gradient orientation image calculated by the function `calcMotionGradient()` . mask – Mask image. It may be a conjunction of a valid gradient mask, also calculated by `calcMotionGradient()` , and the mask of a region whose direction needs to be calculated. mhi – Motion history image calculated by `updateMotionHistory()` . timestamp – Timestamp passed to `updateMotionHistory()` . duration – Maximum duration of a motion track in milliseconds, passed to `updateMotionHistory()` .

The function calculates an average motion direction in the selected region and returns the angle between 0 degrees and 360 degrees. The average direction is computed from the weighted orientation histogram, where a recent motion has a larger weight and the motion occurred in the past has a smaller weight, as recorded in `mhi` .

## segmentMotion

Splits a motion history image into a few parts corresponding to separate independent motions (for example, left hand, right hand).

C++:`` void `segmentMotion`(InputArray mhi, OutputArray segmask, vector<Rect>& boundingRects, double timestamp, double segThresh)

Python:`` `cv2.``segmentMotion`(mhi, timestamp, segThresh[, segmask]) → segmask, boundingRects

C:`` CvSeq* `cvSegmentMotion`(const CvArr* mhi, CvArr* seg_mask, CvMemStorage* storage, double timestamp, double seg_thresh)

Python:`` `cv.``SegmentMotion`(mhi, seg_mask, storage, timestamp, seg_thresh) → boundingRects

  Parameters: | mhi – Motion history image. segmask – Image where the found mask should be stored, single-channel, 32-bit floating-point. boundingRects – Vector containing ROIs of motion connected components. timestamp – Current time in milliseconds or other units. segThresh – Segmentation threshold that is recommended to be equal to the interval between motion history “steps” or greater.

The function finds all of the motion segments and marks them in `segmask` with individual values (1,2,...). It also computes a vector with ROIs of motion connected components. After that the motion direction for every component can be calculated with `calcGlobalOrientation()` using the extracted mask of the particular component.

## CamShift

Finds an object center, size, and orientation.

C++:`` RotatedRect `CamShift`(InputArray probImage, Rect& window, TermCriteria criteria)

Python:`` `cv2.``CamShift`(probImage, window, criteria) → retval, window

C:`` int `cvCamShift`(const CvArr* prob_image, CvRect window, CvTermCriteria criteria, CvConnectedComp* comp, CvBox2D* box=NULL )

Python:`` `cv.``CamShift`(prob_image, window, criteria) -> (int, comp, box)

  Parameters: | probImage – Back projection of the object histogram. See `calcBackProject()` . window – Initial search window. criteria – Stop criteria for the underlying `meanShift()` .
  Returns: | (in old interfaces) Number of iterations CAMSHIFT took to converge

The function implements the CAMSHIFT object tracking algorithm [Bradski98]. First, it finds an object center using `meanShift()` and then adjusts the window size and finds the optimal rotation. The function returns the rotated rectangle structure that includes the object position, size, and orientation. The next position of the search window can be obtained with `RotatedRect::boundingRect()` .

See the OpenCV sample `camshiftdemo.c` that tracks colored objects.

Note

- (Python) A sample explaining the camshift tracking algorithm can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/python2/camshift.py

## meanShift

Finds an object on a back projection image.

C++:`` int `meanShift`(InputArray probImage, Rect& window, TermCriteria criteria)

Python:`` `cv2.``meanShift`(probImage, window, criteria) → retval, window

C:`` int `cvMeanShift`(const CvArr* prob_image, CvRect window, CvTermCriteria criteria, CvConnectedComp* comp)

Python:`` `cv.``MeanShift`(prob_image, window, criteria) → comp

  Parameters: | probImage – Back projection of the object histogram. See `calcBackProject()` for details. window – Initial search window. criteria – Stop criteria for the iterative search algorithm.
  Returns: | Number of iterations CAMSHIFT took to converge.

The function implements the iterative object search algorithm. It takes the input back projection of an object and the initial position. The mass center in `window` of the back projection image is computed and the search window center shifts to the mass center. The procedure is repeated until the specified number of iterations `criteria.maxCount` is done or until the window center shifts by less than `criteria.epsilon` . The algorithm is used inside `CamShift()` and, unlike `CamShift()` , the search window size or orientation do not change during the search. You can simply pass the output of `calcBackProject()` to this function. But better results can be obtained if you pre-filter the back projection and remove the noise. For example, you can do this by retrieving connected components with `findContours()` , throwing away contours with small area ( `contourArea()` ), and rendering the remaining contours with `drawContours()` .

Note

- A mean-shift tracking sample can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/cpp/camshiftdemo.cpp

## KalmanFilter

class `KalmanFilter`

  Kalman filter class.

The class implements a standard Kalman filter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter, [Welch95]. However, you can modify `transitionMatrix`, `controlMatrix`, and `measurementMatrix` to get an extended Kalman filter functionality. See the OpenCV sample `kalman.cpp` .

Note

- An example using the standard Kalman filter can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/cpp/kalman.cpp

## KalmanFilter::KalmanFilter

The constructors.

C++:`` `KalmanFilter::``KalmanFilter`()

C++:`` `KalmanFilter::``KalmanFilter`(int dynamParams, int measureParams, int controlParams=0, int type=CV_32F)

Python:`` `cv2.``KalmanFilter`([dynamParams, measureParams[, controlParams[, type]]]) → <KalmanFilter object>

C:`` CvKalman* `cvCreateKalman`(int dynam_params, int measure_params, int control_params=0 )

Python:`` `cv.``CreateKalman`(dynam_params, measure_params, control_params=0) → CvKalman

  The full constructor.

  Parameters: | dynamParams – Dimensionality of the state. measureParams – Dimensionality of the measurement. controlParams – Dimensionality of the control vector. type – Type of the created matrices that should be `CV_32F` or `CV_64F`.

Note

In C API when `CvKalman* kalmanFilter` structure is not needed anymore, it should be released with `cvReleaseKalman(&kalmanFilter)`

## KalmanFilter::init

Re-initializes Kalman filter. The previous content is destroyed.

C++:`` void `KalmanFilter::``init`(int dynamParams, int measureParams, int controlParams=0, int type=CV_32F)

  Parameters: | dynamParams – Dimensionalityensionality of the state. measureParams – Dimensionality of the measurement. controlParams – Dimensionality of the control vector. type – Type of the created matrices that should be `CV_32F` or `CV_64F`.

## KalmanFilter::predict

Computes a predicted state.

C++:`` const Mat& `KalmanFilter::``predict`(const Mat& control=Mat())

Python:`` `cv2.KalmanFilter.``predict`([control]) → retval

C:`` const CvMat* `cvKalmanPredict`(CvKalman* kalman, const CvMat* control=NULL)

Python:`` `cv.``KalmanPredict`(kalman, control=None) → mat

  Parameters: | control – The optional input control

## KalmanFilter::correct

Updates the predicted state from the measurement.

C++:`` const Mat& `KalmanFilter::``correct`(const Mat& measurement)

Python:`` `cv2.KalmanFilter.``correct`(measurement) → retval

C:`` const CvMat* `cvKalmanCorrect`(CvKalman* kalman, const CvMat* measurement)

Python:`` `cv.``KalmanCorrect`(kalman, measurement) → mat

  Parameters: | measurement – The measured system parameters

## BackgroundSubtractor

class `BackgroundSubtractor` : public `Algorithm`

Base class for background/foreground segmentation.

    class BackgroundSubtractor : public Algorithm
    {
    public:
        virtual ~BackgroundSubtractor();
        virtual void operator()(InputArray image, OutputArray fgmask, double learningRate=0);
        virtual void getBackgroundImage(OutputArray backgroundImage) const;
    };

The class is only used to define the common interface for the whole family of background/foreground segmentation algorithms.

## BackgroundSubtractor::operator()

Computes a foreground mask.

C++:`` void `BackgroundSubtractor::``operator()`(InputArray image, OutputArray fgmask, double learningRate=0)

Python:`` `cv2.BackgroundSubtractor.``apply`(image[, fgmask[, learningRate]]) → fgmask

  Parameters: | image – Next video frame. fgmask – The output foreground mask as an 8-bit binary image.

## BackgroundSubtractor::getBackgroundImage

Computes a background image.

C++:`` void `BackgroundSubtractor::``getBackgroundImage`(OutputArray backgroundImage)`const`

  Parameters: | backgroundImage – The output background image.

Note

Sometimes the background image can be very blurry, as it contain the average background statistics.

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG

class `BackgroundSubtractorMOG` : public `BackgroundSubtractor`

Gaussian Mixture-based Background/Foreground Segmentation Algorithm.

The class implements the algorithm described in P. KadewTraKuPong and R. Bowden, An improved adaptive background mixture model for real-time tracking with shadow detection, Proc. 2nd European Workshop on Advanced Video-Based Surveillance Systems, 2001: http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Bowden/publications/avbs01/avbs01.pdf

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG::BackgroundSubtractorMOG

The constructors.

C++:`` `BackgroundSubtractorMOG::``BackgroundSubtractorMOG`()

C++:`` `BackgroundSubtractorMOG::``BackgroundSubtractorMOG`(int history, int nmixtures, double backgroundRatio, double noiseSigma=0)

Python:`` `cv2.``BackgroundSubtractorMOG`([history, nmixtures, backgroundRatio[, noiseSigma]]) → <BackgroundSubtractorMOG object>

  Parameters: | history – Length of the history. nmixtures – Number of Gaussian mixtures. backgroundRatio – Background ratio. noiseSigma – Noise strength.

Default constructor sets all parameters to default values.

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG::operator()

Updates the background model and returns the foreground mask

C++:`` void `BackgroundSubtractorMOG::``operator()`(InputArray image, OutputArray fgmask, double learningRate=0)

Parameters are the same as in `BackgroundSubtractor::operator()`

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG2

Gaussian Mixture-based Background/Foreground Segmentation Algorithm.

class `BackgroundSubtractorMOG2` : public `BackgroundSubtractor`

  Here are important members of the class that control the algorithm, which you can set after constructing the class instance:

  int `nmixtures`

    Maximum allowed number of mixture components. Actual number is determined dynamically per pixel.

  float `backgroundRatio`

    Threshold defining whether the component is significant enough to be included into the background model ( corresponds to `TB=1-cf` from the paper??which paper??). `cf=0.1 => TB=0.9` is default. For `alpha=0.001`, it means that the mode should exist for approximately 105 frames before it is considered foreground.

  float `varThresholdGen`

    Threshold for the squared Mahalanobis distance that helps decide when a sample is close to the existing components (corresponds to `Tg`). If it is not close to any component, a new component is generated. `3 sigma => Tg=3*3=9` is default. A smaller `Tg` value generates more components. A higher `Tg` value may result in a small number of components but they can grow too large.

  float `fVarInit`

    Initial variance for the newly generated components. It affects the speed of adaptation. The parameter value is based on your estimate of the typical standard deviation from the images. OpenCV uses 15 as a reasonable value.

  float `fVarMin`

    Parameter used to further control the variance.

  float `fVarMax`

    Parameter used to further control the variance.

  float `fCT`

    Complexity reduction parameter. This parameter defines the number of samples needed to accept to prove the component exists. `CT=0.05` is a default value for all the samples. By setting `CT=0` you get an algorithm very similar to the standard Stauffer&Grimson algorithm.

  uchar `nShadowDetection`

    The value for marking shadow pixels in the output foreground mask. Default value is 127.

  float `fTau`

    Shadow threshold. The shadow is detected if the pixel is a darker version of the background. `Tau` is a threshold defining how much darker the shadow can be. `Tau= 0.5` means that if a pixel is more than twice darker then it is not shadow. See Prati,Mikic,Trivedi,Cucchiarra, Detecting Moving Shadows..., IEEE PAMI,2003.

The class implements the Gaussian mixture model background subtraction described in:

> - Z.Zivkovic, Improved adaptive Gausian mixture model for background subtraction, International Conference Pattern Recognition, UK, August, 2004, http://www.zoranz.net/Publications/zivkovic2004ICPR.pdf. The code is very fast and performs also shadow detection. Number of Gausssian components is adapted per pixel.
> - Z.Zivkovic, F. van der Heijden, Efficient Adaptive Density Estimapion per Image Pixel for the Task of Background Subtraction, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 27, no. 7, pages 773-780, 2006. The algorithm similar to the standard Stauffer&Grimson algorithm with additional selection of the number of the Gaussian components based on: Z.Zivkovic, F.van der Heijden, Recursive unsupervised learning of finite mixture models, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.26, no.5, pages 651-656, 2004.

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::BackgroundSubtractorMOG2

The constructors.

C++:`` `BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::``BackgroundSubtractorMOG2`()

C++:`` `BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::``BackgroundSubtractorMOG2`(int history, float varThreshold, bool bShadowDetection=true )

  Parameters: | history – Length of the history. varThreshold – Threshold on the squared Mahalanobis distance to decide whether it is well described by the background model (see Cthr??). This parameter does not affect the background update. A typical value could be 4 sigma, that is, `varThreshold=4*4=16;` (see Tb??). bShadowDetection – Parameter defining whether shadow detection should be enabled (`true` or `false`).

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::operator()

Updates the background model and computes the foreground mask

C++:`` void `BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::``operator()`(InputArray image, OutputArray fgmask, double learningRate=-1)

  See `BackgroundSubtractor::operator()`.

## BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::getBackgroundImage

Returns background image

C++:`` void `BackgroundSubtractorMOG2::``getBackgroundImage`(OutputArray backgroundImage)

See `BackgroundSubtractor::getBackgroundImage()`.

## calcOpticalFlowSF

Calculate an optical flow using “SimpleFlow” algorithm.

C++:`` void `calcOpticalFlowSF`(Mat& from, Mat& to, Mat& flow, int layers, int averaging_block_size, int max_flow)

C++:`` void `calcOpticalFlowSF`(Mat& from, Mat& to, Mat& flow, int layers, int averaging_block_size, int max_flow, double sigma_dist, double sigma_color, int postprocess_window, double sigma_dist_fix, double sigma_color_fix, double occ_thr, int upscale_averaging_radius, double upscale_sigma_dist, double upscale_sigma_color, double speed_up_thr)

  Parameters: | prev – First 8-bit 3-channel image. next – Second 8-bit 3-channel image flowX – X-coordinate of estimated flow flowY – Y-coordinate of estimated flow layers – Number of layers averaging_block_size – Size of block through which we sum up when calculate cost function for pixel max_flow – maximal flow that we search at each level sigma_dist – vector smooth spatial sigma parameter sigma_color – vector smooth color sigma parameter postprocess_window – window size for postprocess cross bilateral filter sigma_dist_fix – spatial sigma for postprocess cross bilateralf filter sigma_color_fix – color sigma for postprocess cross bilateral filter occ_thr – threshold for detecting occlusions upscale_averaging_radiud – window size for bilateral upscale operation upscale_sigma_dist – spatial sigma for bilateral upscale operation upscale_sigma_color – color sigma for bilateral upscale operation speed_up_thr – threshold to detect point with irregular flow - where flow should be recalculated after upscale

See [Tao2012]. And site of project - http://graphics.berkeley.edu/papers/Tao-SAN-2012-05/.

Note

- An example using the simpleFlow algorithm can be found at opencv_source_code/samples/cpp/simpleflow_demo.cpp

## createOptFlow_DualTVL1

“Dual TV L1” Optical Flow Algorithm.

C++:`` Ptr<DenseOpticalFlow> `createOptFlow_DualTVL1`()

  The class implements the “Dual TV L1” optical flow algorithm described in [Zach2007] and [Javier2012] .

  Here are important members of the class that control the algorithm, which you can set after constructing the class instance:

  > double `tau`

  >   Time step of the numerical scheme.

  > double `lambda`

  >   Weight parameter for the data term, attachment parameter. This is the most relevant parameter, which determines the smoothness of the output. The smaller this parameter is, the smoother the solutions we obtain. It depends on the range of motions of the images, so its value should be adapted to each image sequence.

  > double `theta`

  >   Weight parameter for (u - v)^2, tightness parameter. It serves as a link between the attachment and the regularization terms. In theory, it should have a small value in order to maintain both parts in correspondence. The method is stable for a large range of values of this parameter.

  > int `nscales`

  >   Number of scales used to create the pyramid of images.

  > int `warps`

  >   Number of warpings per scale. Represents the number of times that I1(x+u0) and grad( I1(x+u0) ) are computed per scale. This is a parameter that assures the stability of the method. It also affects the running time, so it is a compromise between speed and accuracy.

  > double `epsilon`

  >   Stopping criterion threshold used in the numerical scheme, which is a trade-off between precision and running time. A small value will yield more accurate solutions at the expense of a slower convergence.

  > int `iterations`

  >   Stopping criterion iterations number used in the numerical scheme.

## DenseOpticalFlow::calc

Calculates an optical flow.

C++:`` void `DenseOpticalFlow::``calc`(InputArray I0, InputArray I1, InputOutputArray flow)

  Parameters: | prev – first 8-bit single-channel input image. next – second input image of the same size and the same type as `prev` . flow – computed flow image that has the same size as `prev` and type `CV_32FC2` .

## DenseOpticalFlow::collectGarbage

Releases all inner buffers.

C++:`` void `DenseOpticalFlow::``collectGarbage`()

[Bouguet00] | (1, 2) Jean-Yves Bouguet. Pyramidal Implementation of the Lucas Kanade Feature Tracker.

[Bradski98] | Bradski, G.R. “Computer Vision Face Tracking for Use in a Perceptual User Interface”, Intel, 1998

[Bradski00] | Davis, J.W. and Bradski, G.R. “Motion Segmentation and Pose Recognition with Motion History Gradients”, WACV00, 2000

[Davis97] | Davis, J.W. and Bobick, A.F. “The Representation and Recognition of Action Using Temporal Templates”, CVPR97, 1997

[Farneback2003] | Gunnar Farneback, Two-frame motion estimation based on polynomial expansion, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2003, (2749), , 363-370.

[Horn81] | Berthold K.P. Horn and Brian G. Schunck. Determining Optical Flow. Artificial Intelligence, 17, pp. 185-203, 1981.

[Lucas81] | Lucas, B., and Kanade, T. An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision, Proc. of 7th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp. 674-679.

[Welch95] | Greg Welch and Gary Bishop “An Introduction to the Kalman Filter”, 1995

[Tao2012] | Michael Tao, Jiamin Bai, Pushmeet Kohli and Sylvain Paris. SimpleFlow: A Non-iterative, Sublinear Optical Flow Algorithm. Computer Graphics Forum (Eurographics 2012)

[Zach2007] | Zach, T. Pock and H. Bischof. “A Duality Based Approach for Realtime TV-L1 Optical Flow”, In Proceedings of Pattern Recognition (DAGM), Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 214-223, 2007

[Javier2012] | Javier Sanchez, Enric Meinhardt-Llopis and Gabriele Facciolo. “TV-L1 Optical Flow Estimation”.

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