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# Latent SVM

## Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models for Object Detection

The object detector described below has been initially proposed by P.F. Felzenszwalb in [Felzenszwalb2010]. It is based on a Dalal-Triggs detector that uses a single filter on histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features to represent an object category. This detector uses a sliding window approach, where a filter is applied at all positions and scales of an image. The first innovation is enriching the Dalal-Triggs model using a star-structured part-based model defined by a “root” filter (analogous to the Dalal-Triggs filter) plus a set of parts filters and associated deformation models. The score of one of star models at a particular position and scale within an image is the score of the root filter at the given location plus the sum over parts of the maximum, over placements of that part, of the part filter score on its location minus a deformation cost easuring the deviation of the part from its ideal location relative to the root. Both root and part filter scores are defined by the dot product between a filter (a set of weights) and a subwindow of a feature pyramid computed from the input image. Another improvement is a representation of the class of models by a mixture of star models. The score of a mixture model at a particular position and scale is the maximum over components, of the score of that component model at the given location.

In OpenCV there are C implementation of Latent SVM and C++ wrapper of it. C version is the structure `CvObjectDetection` and a set of functions working with this structure (see `cvLoadLatentSvmDetector()`, `cvReleaseLatentSvmDetector()`, `cvLatentSvmDetectObjects()`). C++ version is the class `LatentSvmDetector` and has slightly different functionality in contrast with C version - it supports loading and detection of several models.

There are two examples of Latent SVM usage: `samples/c/latentsvmdetect.cpp` and `samples/cpp/latentsvm_multidetect.cpp`.

## CvLSVMFilterPosition

struct `CvLSVMFilterPosition`

  Structure describes the position of the filter in the feature pyramid.

  unsigned int `l`

    level in the feature pyramid

  unsigned int `x`

    x-coordinate in level l

  unsigned int `y`

    y-coordinate in level l

## CvLSVMFilterObject

struct `CvLSVMFilterObject`

  Description of the filter, which corresponds to the part of the object.

  CvLSVMFilterPosition `V`

    ideal (penalty = 0) position of the partial filter from the root filter position (V_i in the paper)

  float `fineFunction[4]`

    vector describes penalty function (d_i in the paper) pf[0] * x + pf[1] * y + pf[2] * x^2 + pf[3] * y^2

  int `sizeX`
  int `sizeY`

    Rectangular map (sizeX x sizeY), every cell stores feature vector (dimension = p)

  int `numFeatures`

    number of features

  float* `H`

    matrix of feature vectors to set and get feature vectors (i,j) used formula H[(j * sizeX + i) * p + k], where k - component of feature vector in cell (i, j)

## CvLatentSvmDetector

struct `CvLatentSvmDetector`

  Structure contains internal representation of trained Latent SVM detector.

  int `num_filters`

    total number of filters (root plus part) in model

  int `num_components`

    number of components in model

  int* `num_part_filters`

    array containing number of part filters for each component

  CvLSVMFilterObject** `filters`

    root and part filters for all model components

  float* `b`

    biases for all model components

  float `score_threshold`

    confidence level threshold

## CvObjectDetection

struct `CvObjectDetection`

  Structure contains the bounding box and confidence level for detected object.

  CvRect `rect`

    bounding box for a detected object

  float `score`

    confidence level

## cvLoadLatentSvmDetector

Loads trained detector from a file.

C++:`` CvLatentSvmDetector* `cvLoadLatentSvmDetector`(const char* filename)

  Parameters: | filename – Name of the file containing the description of a trained detector

## cvReleaseLatentSvmDetector

Release memory allocated for CvLatentSvmDetector structure.

C++:`` void `cvReleaseLatentSvmDetector`(CvLatentSvmDetector** detector)

  Parameters: | detector – CvLatentSvmDetector structure to be released

## cvLatentSvmDetectObjects

Find rectangular regions in the given image that are likely to contain objects and corresponding confidence levels.

C++:`` CvSeq* `cvLatentSvmDetectObjects`(IplImage* image, CvLatentSvmDetector* detector, CvMemStorage* storage, float overlap_threshold=0.5f, int numThreads=-1 )

  Parameters: | image – image detector – LatentSVM detector in internal representation storage – Memory storage to store the resultant sequence of the object candidate rectangles overlap_threshold – Threshold for the non-maximum suppression algorithm numThreads – Number of threads used in parallel version of the algorithm

## LatentSvmDetector

class `LatentSvmDetector`

This is a C++ wrapping class of Latent SVM. It contains internal representation of several trained Latent SVM detectors (models) and a set of methods to load the detectors and detect objects using them.

## LatentSvmDetector::ObjectDetection

struct `LatentSvmDetector::``ObjectDetection`

  Structure contains the detection information.

  Rect `rect`

    bounding box for a detected object

  float `score`

    confidence level

  int `classID`

    class (model or detector) ID that detect an object

## LatentSvmDetector::LatentSvmDetector

Two types of constructors.

C++:`` `LatentSvmDetector::``LatentSvmDetector`()

C++:`` `LatentSvmDetector::``LatentSvmDetector`(const vector<string>& filenames, const vector<string>& classNames=vector<string>())

  Parameters: | filenames – A set of filenames storing the trained detectors (models). Each file contains one model. See examples of such files here /opencv_extra/testdata/cv/latentsvmdetector/models_VOC2007/. classNames – A set of trained models names. If it’s empty then the name of each model will be constructed from the name of file containing the model. E.g. the model stored in “/home/user/cat.xml” will get the name “cat”.

## LatentSvmDetector::~LatentSvmDetector

Destructor.

C++:`` `LatentSvmDetector::``~LatentSvmDetector`()

## LatentSvmDetector::~clear

Clear all trained models and their names stored in an class object.

C++:`` void `LatentSvmDetector::``clear`()

## LatentSvmDetector::load

Load the trained models from given `.xml` files and return `true` if at least one model was loaded.

C++:`` bool `LatentSvmDetector::``load`(const vector<string>& filenames, const vector<string>& classNames=vector<string>() )

  Parameters: | filenames – A set of filenames storing the trained detectors (models). Each file contains one model. See examples of such files here /opencv_extra/testdata/cv/latentsvmdetector/models_VOC2007/. classNames – A set of trained models names. If it’s empty then the name of each model will be constructed from the name of file containing the model. E.g. the model stored in “/home/user/cat.xml” will get the name “cat”.

## LatentSvmDetector::detect

Find rectangular regions in the given image that are likely to contain objects of loaded classes (models) and corresponding confidence levels.

C++:`` void `LatentSvmDetector::``detect`(const Mat& image, vector<ObjectDetection>& objectDetections, float overlapThreshold=0.5f, int numThreads=-1 )

  Parameters: | image – An image. objectDetections – The detections: rectangulars, scores and class IDs. overlapThreshold – Threshold for the non-maximum suppression algorithm. numThreads – Number of threads used in parallel version of the algorithm.

## LatentSvmDetector::getClassNames

Return the class (model) names that were passed in constructor or method `load` or extracted from models filenames in those methods.

C++:`` const vector<string>& `LatentSvmDetector::``getClassNames`()`const`

## LatentSvmDetector::getClassCount

Return a count of loaded models (classes).

C++:`` size_t `LatentSvmDetector::``getClassCount`()`const`

[Felzenszwalb2010] | Felzenszwalb, P. F. and Girshick, R. B. and McAllester, D. and Ramanan, D. Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models. PAMI, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1627-1645, September 2010

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