GETADDRINFO(3)

NAME
getaddrinfo freeaddrinfo, gai_strerror - nodename-to-address translation in protocol-independent manner

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netdb.h>
int
getaddrinfo(const char *nodename, const char *servname, const struct addrinfo *hints, struct addrinfo **res);
void
freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *ai);
char *
gai_strerror(int ecode);

DESCRIPTION
The getaddrinfo() function is defined for protocol-independent nodename-to-address translation. It performs functionality of gethostbyname(3) and getservbyname(3), in more sophisticated manner.

The addrinfo structure is defined as a result of including the <netdb.h> header:

    struct addrinfo {                                                  *
         int     ai_flags;     /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST */
         int     ai_family;    /* PF_xxx */
         int     ai_socktype;  /* SOCK_xxx */
         int     ai_protocol;  /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */
         size_t  ai_addrlen;   /* length of ai_addr */
         char   *ai_canonname; /* canonical name for nodename */
         struct sockaddr  *ai_addr; /* binary address */
         struct addrinfo  *ai_next; /* next structure in linked list */
    };

The nodename and servname arguments are pointers to null-terminated strings or NULL. One or both of these two arguments must be a non-NULL pointer. In the normal client scenario, both the nodename and servname are specified. In the normal server scenario, only the servname is specified. A non-NULL nodename string can be either a node name or a numeric host address string (i.e., a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or an IPv6 hex address). A non-NULL servname string can be either a service name or a decimal port number.

The caller can optionally pass an addrinfo structure, pointed to by the third argument, to provide hints concerning the type of socket that the caller supports. In this hints structure all members other than ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol must be zero or a NULL pointer. A value of PF_UNSPEC for ai_family means the caller will accept any protocol family. A value of 0 for ai_socktype means the caller will accept any socket type. A value of 0 for ai_protocol means the caller will accept any protocol. For example, if the caller handles only TCP and not UDP, then the ai_socktype member of the hints structure should be set to SOCK_STREAM when getaddrinfo() is called. If the caller handles only IPv4 and not IPv6, then the ai_family member of the hints structure should be set to PF_INET when getaddrinfo() is called. If the third argument to getaddrinfo() is a NULL pointer, this is the same as if the caller had filled in an addrinfo structure initialized to zero with ai_family set to PF_UNSPEC.

Upon successful return a pointer to a linked list of one or more addrinfo structures is returned through the final argument. The caller can process each addrinfo structure in this list by following the ai_next pointer, until a NULL pointer is encountered. In each returned addrinfo structure the three members ai_family, ai_socktype, and ai_protocol are the corresponding arguments for a call to the socket() function. In each addrinfo structure the ai_addr member points to a filled-in socket address structure whose length is specified by the ai_addrlen member.

If the AI_PASSIVE bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints structure, then the caller plans to use the returned socket address structure in a call to bind(). In this case, if the nodename argument is a NULL pointer, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure will be set to INADDR_ANY for an IPv4 address or IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT for an IPv6 address.

If the AI_PASSIVE bit is not set in the ai_flags member of the hints structure, then the returned socket address structure will be ready for a call to connect() (for a connection-oriented protocol) or either connect(), sendto(), or sendmsg() (for a connectionless protocol). In this case, if the nodename argument is a NULL pointer, then the IP address portion of the socket address structure will be set to the loopback address.

If the AI_CANONNAME bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints structure, then upon successful return the ai_canonname member of the first addrinfo structure in the linked list will point to a null-terminated string containing the canonical name of the specified nodename.

If the AI_NUMERICHOST bit is set in the ai_flags member of the hints structure, then a non-NULL nodename string must be a numeric host address string. Otherwise an error of EAI_NONAME is returned. This flag prevents any type of name resolution service (e.g., the DNS) from being called.

All of the information returned by getaddrinfo() is dynamically allocated: the addrinfo structures, and the socket address structures and canonical node name strings pointed to by the addrinfo structures. To return this information to the system the function Fn freeaddrinfo is called. The addrinfo structure pointed to by the ai argument is freed, along with any dynamic storage pointed to by the structure. This operation is repeated until a NULL ai_next pointer is encountered.

To aid applications in printing error messages based on the EAI_xxx codes returned by getaddrinfo(), gai_strerror() is defined. The argument is one of the EAI_xxx values defined earlier and the return value points to a string describing the error. If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents indicate an unknown error.

FILES
/etc/hosts
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf

DIAGNOSTICS
Error return status from getaddrinfo() is zero on success and non-zero on errors. Non-zero error codes are defined in <netdb.h>, and as follows:

EAI_ADDRFAMILY
    address family for nodename not supported
EAI_AGAIN
    temporary failure in name resolution
EAI_BADFLAGS
    invalid value for ai_flags
EAI_FAIL
    non-recoverable failure in name resolution
EAI_FAMILY
    ai_family not supported
EAI_MEMORY
    memory allocation failure
EAI_NODATA
    no address associated with nodename
EAI_NONAME
    nodename nor servname provided, or not known
EAI_SERVICE
    servname not supported for ai_socktype
EAI_SOCKTYPE
    ai_socktype not supported
EAI_SYSTEM
    system error returned in errno

If called with proper argument, gai_strerror() returns a pointer to a string describing the given error code. If the argument is not one of the EAI_xxx values, the function still returns a pointer to a string whose contents indicate an unknown error.

SEE ALSO
getnameinfo(3), gethostbyname(3), getservbyname(3), hosts(5), services(5), hostname(7)

R. Gilligan, S. Thomson, J. Bound, and W. Stevens, ``Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6,'' RFC2133, April 1997.

HISTORY
The implementation first appeared in WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack kit.

STANDARDS
The getaddrinfo() function is defined IEEE POSIX 1003.1g draft specification, and documented in ``Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6'' (RFC2133).

BUGS
The text was shamelessly copied from RFC2133.