base-4.7.0.2: Basic libraries

Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow, 2008-2009
License | see libraries/base/LICENSE
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org
Stability | internal
Portability | non-portable
Safe Haskell | Trustworthy
Language | Haskell2010

GHC.IO.Encoding

Description

Text codecs for I/O

Synopsis

- data BufferCodec from to state = BufferCodec {
  - encode :: CodeBuffer from to
  - recover :: Buffer from -> Buffer to -> IO (Buffer from, Buffer to)
  - close :: IO ()
  - getState :: IO state
  - setState :: state -> IO ()
  }
- data TextEncoding = forall dstate estate . TextEncoding {
  - textEncodingName :: String
  - mkTextDecoder :: IO (TextDecoder dstate)
  - mkTextEncoder :: IO (TextEncoder estate)
  }
- type TextEncoder state = BufferCodec CharBufElem Word8 state
- type TextDecoder state = BufferCodec Word8 CharBufElem state
- data CodingProgress
  - = InputUnderflow
  - | OutputUnderflow
  - | InvalidSequence
- latin1 :: TextEncoding
- latin1_encode :: CharBuffer -> Buffer Word8 -> IO (CharBuffer, Buffer Word8)
- latin1_decode :: Buffer Word8 -> CharBuffer -> IO (Buffer Word8, CharBuffer)
- utf8 :: TextEncoding
- utf8_bom :: TextEncoding
- utf16 :: TextEncoding
- utf16le :: TextEncoding
- utf16be :: TextEncoding
- utf32 :: TextEncoding
- utf32le :: TextEncoding
- utf32be :: TextEncoding
- initLocaleEncoding :: TextEncoding
- getLocaleEncoding :: IO TextEncoding
- getFileSystemEncoding :: IO TextEncoding
- getForeignEncoding :: IO TextEncoding
- setLocaleEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()
- setFileSystemEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()
- setForeignEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()
- char8 :: TextEncoding
- mkTextEncoding :: String -> IO TextEncoding

# Documentation

data BufferCodec from to state

Constructors

BufferCodec |

Fields

encode :: CodeBuffer from to

  The `encode` function translates elements of the buffer `from` to the buffer `to`. It should translate as many elements as possible given the sizes of the buffers, including translating zero elements if there is either not enough room in `to`, or `from` does not contain a complete multibyte sequence.

  If multiple CodingProgress returns are possible, OutputUnderflow must be preferred to InvalidSequence. This allows GHC's IO library to assume that if we observe InvalidSequence there is at least a single element available in the output buffer.

  The fact that as many elements as possible are translated is used by the IO library in order to report translation errors at the point they actually occur, rather than when the buffer is translated.

recover :: Buffer from -> Buffer to -> IO (Buffer from, Buffer to)

  The `recover` function is used to continue decoding in the presence of invalid or unrepresentable sequences. This includes both those detected by `encode` returning `InvalidSequence` and those that occur because the input byte sequence appears to be truncated.

  Progress will usually be made by skipping the first element of the `from` buffer. This function should only be called if you are certain that you wish to do this skipping and if the `to` buffer has at least one element of free space. Because this function deals with decoding failure, it assumes that the from buffer has at least one element.

  `recover` may raise an exception rather than skipping anything.

  Currently, some implementations of `recover` may mutate the input buffer. In particular, this feature is used to implement transliteration.

  Since: 4.4.0.0

close :: IO ()

  Resources associated with the encoding may now be released. The `encode` function may not be called again after calling `close`.

getState :: IO state

  Return the current state of the codec.

  Many codecs are not stateful, and in these case the state can be represented as '()'. Other codecs maintain a state. For example, UTF-16 recognises a BOM (byte-order-mark) character at the beginning of the input, and remembers thereafter whether to use big-endian or little-endian mode. In this case, the state of the codec would include two pieces of information: whether we are at the beginning of the stream (the BOM only occurs at the beginning), and if not, whether to use the big or little-endian encoding.

setState :: state -> IO ()

data TextEncoding

A `TextEncoding` is a specification of a conversion scheme between sequences of bytes and sequences of Unicode characters.

For example, UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode characters into a sequence of bytes. The `TextEncoding` for UTF-8 is `utf8`.

Constructors

forall dstate estate . TextEncoding |

Fields

textEncodingName :: String

  a string that can be passed to `mkTextEncoding` to create an equivalent `TextEncoding`.

mkTextDecoder :: IO (TextDecoder dstate)

  Creates a means of decoding bytes into characters: the result must not be shared between several byte sequences or simultaneously across threads

mkTextEncoder :: IO (TextEncoder estate)

  Creates a means of encode characters into bytes: the result must not be shared between several character sequences or simultaneously across threads

Instances

Show TextEncoding |

type TextEncoder state = BufferCodec CharBufElem Word8 state

type TextDecoder state = BufferCodec Word8 CharBufElem state

data CodingProgress

Since: 4.4.0.0

Constructors

InputUnderflow | Stopped because the input contains insufficient available elements, or all of the input sequence has been sucessfully translated.
OutputUnderflow | Stopped because the output contains insufficient free elements
InvalidSequence | Stopped because there are sufficient free elements in the output to output at least one encoded ASCII character, but the input contains an invalid or unrepresentable sequence

Instances

Eq CodingProgress |
Show CodingProgress |

latin1 :: TextEncoding

The Latin1 (ISO8859-1) encoding. This encoding maps bytes directly to the first 256 Unicode code points, and is thus not a complete Unicode encoding. An attempt to write a character greater than '\255' to a `Handle` using the `latin1` encoding will result in an error.

latin1_encode :: CharBuffer -> Buffer Word8 -> IO (CharBuffer, Buffer Word8)

latin1_decode :: Buffer Word8 -> CharBuffer -> IO (Buffer Word8, CharBuffer)

utf8 :: TextEncoding

The UTF-8 Unicode encoding

utf8_bom :: TextEncoding

The UTF-8 Unicode encoding, with a byte-order-mark (BOM; the byte sequence 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF). This encoding behaves like `utf8`, except that on input, the BOM sequence is ignored at the beginning of the stream, and on output, the BOM sequence is prepended.

The byte-order-mark is strictly unnecessary in UTF-8, but is sometimes used to identify the encoding of a file.

utf16 :: TextEncoding

The UTF-16 Unicode encoding (a byte-order-mark should be used to indicate endianness).

utf16le :: TextEncoding

The UTF-16 Unicode encoding (litte-endian)

utf16be :: TextEncoding

The UTF-16 Unicode encoding (big-endian)

utf32 :: TextEncoding

The UTF-32 Unicode encoding (a byte-order-mark should be used to indicate endianness).

utf32le :: TextEncoding

The UTF-32 Unicode encoding (litte-endian)

utf32be :: TextEncoding

The UTF-32 Unicode encoding (big-endian)

initLocaleEncoding :: TextEncoding

Since: 4.5.0.0

getLocaleEncoding :: IO TextEncoding

The Unicode encoding of the current locale. On OpenBSD this is set to the value of the environment variable `HS_ENCODING` or to `latin1` if that variable isn't set.

Since: 4.5.0.0

getFileSystemEncoding :: IO TextEncoding

The Unicode encoding of the current locale, but allowing arbitrary undecodable bytes to be round-tripped through it.

This `TextEncoding` is used to decode and encode command line arguments and environment variables on non-Windows platforms.

On Windows, this encoding *should not* be used if possible because the use of code pages is deprecated: Strings should be retrieved via the "wide" W-family of UTF-16 APIs instead

Since: 4.5.0.0

getForeignEncoding :: IO TextEncoding

The Unicode encoding of the current locale, but where undecodable bytes are replaced with their closest visual match. Used for the `CString` marshalling functions in Foreign.C.String

Since: 4.5.0.0

setLocaleEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()

Since: 4.5.0.0

setFileSystemEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()

Since: 4.5.0.0

setForeignEncoding :: TextEncoding -> IO ()

Since: 4.5.0.0

char8 :: TextEncoding

An encoding in which Unicode code points are translated to bytes by taking the code point modulo 256. When decoding, bytes are translated directly into the equivalent code point.

This encoding never fails in either direction. However, encoding discards information, so encode followed by decode is not the identity.

Since: 4.4.0.0

mkTextEncoding :: String -> IO TextEncoding

Look up the named Unicode encoding. May fail with

- `isDoesNotExistError` if the encoding is unknown

The set of known encodings is system-dependent, but includes at least:

-     UTF-8

- `UTF-16`, `UTF-16BE`, `UTF-16LE`
- `UTF-32`, `UTF-32BE`, `UTF-32LE`

There is additional notation (borrowed from GNU iconv) for specifying how illegal characters are handled:

- a suffix of `//IGNORE`, e.g. `UTF-8//IGNORE`, will cause all illegal sequences on input to be ignored, and on output will drop all code points that have no representation in the target encoding.
- a suffix of `//TRANSLIT` will choose a replacement character for illegal sequences or code points.
- a suffix of `//ROUNDTRIP` will use a PEP383-style escape mechanism to represent any invalid bytes in the input as Unicode codepoints (specifically, as lone surrogates, which are normally invalid in UTF-32). Upon output, these special codepoints are detected and turned back into the corresponding original byte.

  In theory, this mechanism allows arbitrary data to be roundtripped via a `String` with no loss of data. In practice, there are two limitations to be aware of:

  1. This only stands a chance of working for an encoding which is an ASCII superset, as for security reasons we refuse to escape any bytes smaller than 128. Many encodings of interest are ASCII supersets (in particular, you can assume that the locale encoding is an ASCII superset) but many (such as UTF-16) are not.
  2. If the underlying encoding is not itself roundtrippable, this mechanism can fail. Roundtrippable encodings are those which have an injective mapping into Unicode. Almost all encodings meet this criteria, but some do not. Notably, Shift-JIS (CP932) and Big5 contain several different encodings of the same Unicode codepoint.

On Windows, you can access supported code pages with the prefix `CP`; for example, `"CP1250"`.