# Transactions

This chapter will give you the basic information you need to understand and use transactions in &app;. Whereas accounts are the framework and structure of a chart of accounts, transactions are the data which fills each account.

## Basic Concepts

A transaction in a double entry accounting system such as &app; is an exchange between at least 2 accounts. Thus, a single transaction must always consist of at least two parts, a from and a to account. The from account is transferring value to the to account. Accountants call these parts of a transaction Ledger Entries. In &app;, they are called Splits.

A split identifies the account to which it refers, the amount of money specifically moved to or from that account, and can contain a few other specific pieces of information if needed. &app; supports multiple splits in a single transaction, and the splits can move money into or out of the involved accounts arbitrarily.

For example, you receive a paycheck and deposit it into your savings account at the bank. The transaction that occurs is that your bank savings account (an asset) received money from your income account. Two accounts are affected, and in this case there is a net increase in your equity.

Working with transactions in &app; is performed using what is known as the account register. Every account you create has an account register. It will appear familiar to you as it looks very similar to the log used to track checkbooks.

The account register is explained in the upcoming section, .

## The Account Register

The account register is the &app; window, which allows you to view or edit preexisting transactions, or add new transactions for a particular account. To open an account register from the Account Tree, double-click the account name, right click the account name and select Open Account from the menu, or use the Open button on the toolbar. &app; will display the account register window.

### Features of the Account Register

The Titlebar of the account register displays the account name. Below the Titlebar, the Menubar displays the menu items available within the account register, and the Toolbar contains handy buttons that help you work with the account register.

At the bottom left of the register window, &app; displays helpful messages as you move about the register. To the right, you can see the current account balance and the total of cleared splits.

### Choosing a Register Style

&app; offers several options for viewing your registers. The default style is Basic Ledger mode, which displays only the summary of splits affecting the current account. This is the style that most closely resembles other popular personal financial packages. You can choose a different register style from the View menu. There are two other view modes:

- View Auto-Split Ledger style expands the current transaction automatically. As you highlight a new transaction in the register, the transaction automatically expands to show all splits.

- View Transaction Journal style shows all splits for all transactions in the register, which is more like an accounting journal.

All styles permit you to view your data in either single-line or double-line format. Select View Double Line, and you will see your transaction line expand to two register lines. Double-line mode will also display the transaction-level Notes field.

Below are screenshots that demonstrate how the Basic Ledger and Transaction Journal views differ.

For this example, let’s assume that you have purchased 3 pair of Jeans for $1,000, and have recorded the purchase as a split transaction with each pair entered on a separate split.

The below screenshots illustrate the different view modes.

First let’s view the Jeans transaction from your checking account:

3 Jeans purchases

This image shows one split transaction with 3 Jeans purchases

Now, let's open the Expenses:Clothes account, and look at it in Basic view.

A jump to the Expenses:Clothes account

This image shows Expenses:Clothes account in Basic Ledger mode.

Three entries appear here, but there was only the single split entry in the checking account. Further examination shows that each row has a different amount, $200, $300, and $500. This demonstrates that each row in this view reflects a single split from the original transaction.

Changing to Transaction Journal mode will display only the original split transaction.

A jump to the Expenses:Clothes account

This image shows Expenses:Clothes account in Transaction Journal mode.

### Using Entry Shortcuts

&app; provides several time-saving shortcuts for entering your data. When you type the first few characters of a description that you have used before, the QuickFill feature automatically fills in the rest of the transaction as you last entered it. When you type in the first characters of an account name in either the Transfer field of the transaction line or the Account field of the split line, QuickFill will automatically complete the name from your account list. It also helps you with entering sub-accounts in these fields: simply type the first characters of the parent account name followed by a : (colon) and the first characters of the sub-account name. For example, to enter Assets:Checking, you might type `A:C` and let &app; fill in the rest.

Because : is the account separator symbol, you can not use it in your account names.

If you really need the colon in your account names, you can select another symbol by Edit Preferences Accounts Character.

Register keyboard shortcuts also save you time, and &app; provides several of them. In the date field, you can type:

- + or = to increment the date and - or _ to decrement the date

- ] or } to increment the month and [ or { to decrement the month

- M or m to enter the first date of the month

- H or h to enter the last date of the month

- Y or y to enter the first date of the year

- R or r to enter the last date of the year

- T or t to enter today’s date

These date shortcuts not only work in the account register but everywhere you can enter a date.

Specifically for dates there's another way you can save time: you can enter partial dates. For example if you only enter one number, &app; will interpret it as the day in the current month of the current year. If you only enter a day and month, &app; will automatically append the year. By default this is the current year. You can however also configure &app; to take such a date in a sliding window starting a number of months before the current month. This can be done via Edit Preferences Date/Time Date Completion.

In the Num field of the transaction line, you can type + to increment the transaction number from the last one you typed in. Typing - will decrement the number. This will also work in the Action field of the split line, if you choose to enter split numbers there. The Action field also supports QuickFill - if you type the first characters of a common action (such as Deposit), &app; will fill in the rest.

The Transfer field supports QuickFill of account names. You can start typing an account name and &app; will fill in the remaining part of the name. Typing the separator character at any time will complete the current level of the account name, leaving the cursor positioned to start the next level of account name. For example, typing A:C the standard set of account names will complete to the Assets:Checking account. You can also type the Menu or Ctrl Down keys in this field to pop up a list of all account names.

In any of the amount fields, you can use a built-in calculator. Simply type in the first value, followed by +, -, *, or /, then type in the second value. &app; will perform the calculation and return the resulting value to the amount field when you press the Tab key.

All of the menu items have access keys defined, and these are marked by underlined characters in the menu names. Press Alt + [underlined character] to bring up the menu, then select an item by typing its underlined character. For example, typing Alt A brings up the Actions menu, then typing P will split the transaction. A few of the menu items also have shortcut keys that immediately invoke the command (typically using the Ctrl key). These shortcuts are listed next to the item.

To move around the register, use these keys to save time:

- Tab to move to the next field, Shift Tab to move to the previous field

- Home to move to the beginning of the field, End to move to the end of the field

- Enter or ↓ to move to the next transaction, ↑ to move to the previous transaction

- Page Up to move up one screen, Page Down to move down one screen

- Shift Page Up to go to the first transaction, Shift Page Down to go to the last transaction

In the Reconcile window you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

- Tab moves to the next box and Shift Tab moves to the previous box

- Space bar toggles the status between reconciled and not reconciled

- ↑ and ↓ navigate through the entries within the current box

## Simple vs. Split Transactions

Every transaction in &app; has at least two splits, but a transaction can have more than two splits. A transaction with only two splits is called a simple transaction, since it only involves the current account and a single remote account. A transaction with three or more accounts is called a split transaction.

When the register is in Basic view, you will see a summary of the splits affecting the current account. For a simple transaction, the Transfer column will display the other account from which money is transferred. For a split transaction, the Transfer column will display -- Split Transaction --. You can see the individual splits of each transaction by clicking the Split button in the Toolbar while selecting the appropriate transaction.

For split transactions, the first line of the transaction is the transaction line. It contains a Date, optional Num (such as a check number), transaction Description, total amount affecting the current account (Tot Deposit here), and updated account Balance after the current transaction. Note that in the expanded view, the Transfer column heading disappears, and there is no account name listed in that field. This line shows you only a summary of the transaction’s effect on the current account. For more detailed information, you need to look at the individual splits that make up the transaction.

Note: An account register displays a transaction when that transaction has a split assigned to the account. If a given transaction has more than one split assigned to the account, then in Basic and Auto-Split views, that transaction will appear in the register one time for each split assigned to that account. In Transaction Journal view, such a transaction will only appear once in the register.

The partial lines below the transaction line are the split lines, and they are separated by gray lines. As you highlight one of the split lines, the column headings change to show the split-related fields:

How split headings change

This image shows how split headings change.

Each split contains an optional Action, or type of split, which you can either type in or choose from a pull-down list. The split also contains an optional Memo which describes the split. Each split affects an Account, which can be selected from a pull-down list of your accounts. The R field indicates whether the split has been reconciled. The last two columns show the amount of the split and whether money is coming into or going out of the account.

As we discussed in , total debits (left-column entries) must equal total credits (right-column entries) for each transaction. In the example shown above, the total debits equal the total credits, so this transaction is balanced. If you notice, the transaction line contains the same debit amount as the Checking split line. Why is this shown twice? Because the transaction line is merely a summary of the transaction’s effect on the current account. The same transaction in a different account will have a different transaction line, one that shows the effect on that particular account. You can see this by highlighting another split line and clicking the Jump button on the Toolbar.

In this example, if you jump to the Income:Salary account, &app; brings up the same transaction in the Income:Salary - Register:

A jump to the Income:Salary account

This image shows a jump to the Income:Salary account.

Note that the transaction line total now summarizes the effect on the Income:Salary account instead of the Checking Account, because you are looking at the Income:Salary account register. The splits are exactly the same, but the transaction line now reflects the credit to the Income:Salary account.

### Simple Transaction Example

Starting with the chart of accounts we created in the previous chapter `gcashdata_3`, double click on the Checking asset account. Let’s add a simple transaction to the checking account. When you first create your accounts in &app;, it is common to start them off with an initial balance.

In the first transaction row, enter a date (eg: March, 1, 2006), a description (eg: Opening Balance), click on the Transfer pop-up menu and select Equity:Opening Balances, add a deposit value of $1000, and press the Enter key. The account register should now appear similar to this figure:

The Checking Account - Register

This image shows Assets:Checking - Register after inserting a starting value transaction.

Setting the starting balances of an account is an example of a simple two account transaction. In this case, affecting the Assets:Checking and the Equity:Opening Balances accounts.

As another example of a simple 2 account transaction, add another transaction to describe the purchase of $45.21 worth of groceries. From within the Assets:Checking account, you would set Transfer to Expenses:Groceries. The account register should now appear:

The Checking Account - Register

This image shows Assets:Checking - Register after adding a transaction for groceries.

### Split Transaction Example

The need for 3 or more splits in a transaction occurs when you need to split either the from or the to account in a transaction into multiple accounts. The classic example of this is when you receive a paycheck. Your take home pay from a paycheck will typically be less than your net pay, with the difference being due to taxes, retirement account payments, and/or other items. Thus, the single transaction of you receiving a paycheck involves other accounts besides simply Assets:Checking and Income:Salary.

To add the paycheck split transaction from the Assets:Checking account register window, click on a new transaction line and click Split. Note that if you have set your register view to Auto-Split or Transaction Journal, the splits will be opened for you. Enter the description of this transaction on the first line(e.g. “Employers R Us”). In the split lines below this, enter the various splits that make up this transaction, one by one. To enter the splits, first choose the account, then enter the amount by which to change the account. Keep in mind that when in an asset account register, amounts entered in the left column increase the account balance, while amounts entered in the right column decrease the balance (for more about this, see ). Tab or click the next split line and repeat the process. Note that if you are using the keyboard to navigate the transaction, use Tab to move from field to field, as using Enter will commit the transaction and create splits to an Imbalance account.

When creating a transaction in &app;, splits can be entered in any order. However, when the transaction is closed (either when leaving the transaction, or when pressing the Enter key), all debit splits will jump ahead of all credit splits.

In this example, choose the deposit account (Assets:Checking) and then enter the amount that is being deposited into it (e.g. $670). Follow this by entering the amounts for the various taxes: Expenses:Taxes:Federal account, $180; Expenses:Taxes:Medicare account, $90; and Expenses:Taxes:Social Security account, $60. Finally, enter the gross total of your paycheck ($1,000 in this example) as a withdrawal transfer from Income:Salary.

The final split should look like . Remember to press Enter after finishing the entry. But you should also know that when you press Enter, the split view will be folded back into a simplified transaction view. The splits are still there; you just have to click Split to view them. See for details.

#### Entering a split transaction

Account Register - Split Transaction

## Reconciliation

Once transactions have been entered into &app;, it is important to verify that they agree with the records of your financial institution. This verification process is known as reconciliation, and it is key to determine whether your records are accurate. Most commonly, you will check transactions against bank statements, although you can use this process to verify any transaction.

&app; keeps track of the reconciliation status of each transaction. The reconciliation status of a transaction is shown by the reconciliation R field in a register: y indicates that a transaction has been reconciled, n indicates that it has not, and c indicates that it has been cleared, but not reconciled. A split marked cleared signifies that you got some kind of confirmation that the institution accepted the order (e.g. you have the restaurant's receipt for your credit card purchase). You can toggle the reconciliation status between n and c by clicking in the R field; you can set it to y by using .

At the bottom of the account window, there are (among others) two running balances (the cleared and reconciled balance), and the total balance. The former balances should correspond to how much money the bank thinks you have in your account, while the latter includes outstanding transactions.

For example, when you write a check for something, you should enter the transaction into &app;. The reconciliation R field of the transaction will initially contain n (new). Your new entry will contribute to the total balance, but not to the cleared and reconciled balance. Later, if you got some confirmation that the check has been cashed, you might click on the transaction’s R field to change it to c (cleared). When you do this, the cleared balance will change to include this amount. When the bank statement arrives, you can then compare it to what you’ve recorded in &app; by opening the reconciliation window. There, you will be able to change the R field to y (reconciled).

You cannot reconcile directly in a register window by clicking in the R field. You must use the reconciliation window. Once a transaction has been marked reconciled, it can no longer be easily changed without breaking the Starting Balance of the next reconciliation.

It is important to understand that reconciliation is done for a given date, and when you reconcile an account based on a statement from a given date, you are reconciling all transactions prior to that date. Therefore, if you add or modify transactions that predate your last reconciliation, your reconciled balances will be thrown off.

### Reconcile windows

The reconciliation windows are used to reconcile a &app; account with a statement that a bank or other institution has sent you. Reconciliation is useful not only to double-check your records against those of your bank, but also to get a better idea of outstanding transactions, e.g. uncashed checks.

To use the reconciliation windows, select an account from the account tree and click on Actions Reconcile. A window like the one below will appear in which you can enter the reconcile information.

Reconcile Window

The initial reconcile window.

In the initial reconcile window, some Reconcile Information need to be entered.

Statement Date

  The date of the statement you will be reconciling against.

  Click on the down arrow in the right of this field to open a calendar

Starting Balance

  This is a non-editable item which displays the balance from the previous reconciliation. It should match the starting balance in your statement.

  Sometimes, the opening balance in &app; does not match that found on your statement. This can happen the first time you reconcile your account or when a previously-reconciled transaction is de-reconciled or deleted.

  The first time you reconcile your account, the starting balance will be 0.00, thus probably not the opening balance of your account. When you reconcile the account, the opening balance for the account will be included in the reconciliation, and the result should balance.

  In the case when a previously-reconciled transaction is accidentally de-reconciled, you can simply re-reconcile the transaction along with the transactions on the current statement, and the result should balance.

  The case of accidentally deleting a previously-reconciled transaction presents more of a challenge; if you cannot determine what was deleted and restore it to the register, you will have to create a dummy transaction to get the reconciliation to finish.

  While the latter case does not matter for your private accounting, you should have a really good explanation for your auditors, if you are the accountant of a club or a company.

Ending Balance

  This field should be filled with the ending balance as it appears in the statement.

  &app; automatically fills this field with the Present balance as shown in the lower part of the account’s register.

Include Sub-accounts

  Check this option if you want to include in the reconciliation the transactions that belongs to the sub-accounts of the currently selected account. Note that all sub-accounts must be in the same commodity as the parent for the option to be enabled.

Enter Interest Payment

  Clicking this button opens a new window that allow you to enter an interest transaction to the account to be reconciled.

  The Interest Payment window might be opened automatically when you start a reconciliation for an account of the type Bank, Credit, Mutual, Asset, Receivable, Payable, and Liability. If you want to disable this behavior for any of the previous accounts, go to the Register tab of the &app; Preferences and uncheck the Automatic interest transfer option. Alternatively, to disable this behavior only for the selected account, press the No Auto Interest Payments for this Account button in the Interest Payment window.

Then, click on the Ok button, and you will see the transactions listing reconcile window:

Reconcile Window

The transactions listing in the reconcile window.

The two panes called Funds In and Funds Out, lists all the unreconciled transactions that belongs to the account that is going to be reconciled. The R columns show whether the transactions have been reconciled.

Now, examine each item on the bank statement, and look for the matching item in the Reconcile window.

If you cannot find a transaction, then perhaps you forgot to enter it, or did not know that the transaction had happened. You can use the New button on the Toolbar, or the Transaction New menu item in the menu, to open a register window and enter the missing transaction. The new item will appear in the Reconcile window when you press the Enter button in the register after entering the transaction.

When you find the item in the Reconcile window, compare the amount in the item to the amount on the statement. If they disagree, you may have made an error when you entered the transaction in &app;. You can use the Edit button on the Toolbar, or the Transaction Edit item, to open a register window and correct the transaction.

If the amounts agree, click on the item in the Reconcile window. A check mark wil appear in the R column aside the selected transaction. &app; will automatically update the amounts in the lower right summary pane.

You can use the up/down arrow keys to scroll to the item, the space key to mark the item as reconciled and the Tab key to switch panes.

You then repeat this for each item that appears on the bank statement, verifying that the amounts match with the amounts in &app;, and marking off transactions in &app; as they are reconciled.

You can check or uncheck the reconcile status of all transactions in either pane by clicking on a transaction in the required pane then clicking Ctrl-A followed by space. This will toggle the reconcile status of all transactions in the pane to either checked or unchecked state. This procedure can be repeated to achieve the desired status for the transactions in the pane.

At the bottom of the Reconcile window there is a Difference field, which should show 0.00 when you are done reconciling. If it shows some other value, then either you have missed transactions, or some amounts may be incorrect in &app;. (Or, less likely, the bank may have made an error.)

Under some circumstances, it may be difficult or impossible to determine why an account will not reconcile. If you are unable to correct the discrepancy between your books and a statement, &app; includes a Balance button on the Toolbar that will automatically create a balancing entry for you in the amount that cannot be reconciled.

To use this, carry out the full reconciliation (marking all transactions that you can identify) and then click this button. &app; will create a balancing entry for the remaining discrepancy that uses the Special Accounts:Orphan-XXX account (where "XXX" represents your currency). The Reconcile window will close; re-opening it will allow you to check the newly-created balancing entry and finish the process.

When you have marked off all the items on the bank statement and the difference is 0.00, press the Finish button on the Toolbar or select Reconcile Finish from the menu. The Reconcile window will close. In the register window, the R field of the reconciled transactions will change to y.

In this case, we have not received all the information yet, so we simply press the Postpone button, so we can continue at a later stage. Observe that the R column indicates we cleared (c) two transactions. They have not been reconciled yet, but we have verified these two transactions so they have been marked as cleared. If you look at the Statusbar at the bottom of the account register, you will see a summary of what has been reconciled and what has been cleared (Cleared:USD 954.79 Reconciled:USD 0.00)

Checking account

The Checking account after postponing the reconciliation.

## Scheduled Transactions

Scheduled transactions are made to help entering repetitive money operations, like subscriptions, insurances or taxes. By using scheduled transactions, you only have to enter the concerned transaction once, set a few parameters like start date, frequency and a little description, and then &app; will tell you whenever a scheduled transaction is ready to be created, and create it for you.

In this howto, we’ll take a monthly Internet subscription of 20 USD as example, which is taken on the 28th of each month.

In &app;, there are two ways of creating scheduled transactions, from the ledger or from the Scheduled Transactions Editor.

### Creating from the Ledger

Enter the first occurrence of your to-schedule transaction in the ledger. In the Transfer field for this transaction, type Expenses:Internet as shown in the next screenshot.

Step one creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

Step one creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

Since we did not create the Expenses:Internet account, &app; will prompt us to create it.

Then you right click on your transaction and select Schedule...

Step two creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

Step two creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

A window like this will appear:

Step three creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

Step three creating scheduled transaction from the ledger

Let’s fill the values, we know that the subscription is taken on the 28th each month, and the next one is for next month (since we entered the one for this month manually) :

Filling in data to a scheduled transaction

Filling in data to a scheduled transaction

Click the OK button, and the transaction will be scheduled. &app; now has memorized this scheduled transaction and on the 28th of next month, it will pop up a window asking if it should create it (see far below for a screenshot of this window).

### Creating from the Editor

Another way of entering a scheduled transaction is from the Scheduled Transaction Editor, it may be faster if we have several scheduled transactions to create at once.

From the main accounts windows, select Actions Scheduled Transactions Scheduled Transaction Editor from the Menubar. A new Scheduled Transactions tab will be opened in the current &app; window as shown above:

Empty Scheduled Transactions tab

Empty Scheduled Transactions tab

This tab contains a list, now empty, of all the scheduled transactions. Let’s create a new one by clicking on the New button in the Toolbar. A window like the one below will pop up:

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Overview tab

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Overview tab

First, let’s enter a name for this new scheduled transaction in the top of the window.

This name will only identify the transaction in the Edit Scheduled Transaction window, it will never appear in the ledger.

In the Options pane of the Overview tab you have four options:

Enable

  Sets the status of the scheduled transaction.

Create automatically

  If enabled, will insert this transaction in the ledger without asking you before (see below). If needed, you can be advised when the transaction is entered by checking the Notify me when created option.

Create in advance

  Sets how many days in advance the transaction will be created.

Remind in advance

  Sets how many days in advance a reminder is presented. This can be used, for example, when you have to pay something by check, and a reminder one week before allows you to send your check before the deadline.

The Occurences pane allows you to tell &app; that this scheduled transaction won’t last for ever. For example if you are repaying a loan, you can enter the loan end date or the number of occurences left.

Select now the Frequency tab in the Edit Scheduled Transaction window. Here you can set the time-related options of the transaction.

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Frequency tab

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Frequency tab

Frequency

  Sets the basic frequency of the transaction, with options for once, daily, weekly, semi-monthly and monthly. In this example, this is set to monthly.

  It is possible to set a transaction to occur at intervals other than those listed in the Frequency list, by changing the setting in the Every control (see below).

Start Date

  Sets when the transaction will begin. In the example, this would be set to the start of the next month.

Every

  This option allows you to schedule transactions by multiplies of the value in Frequency. For example, to create a transaction that runs every 3 weeks, set Frequency to Weeks and Every to 3.

On the and Except on weekends

  Sets the day of the month that the transaction is scheduled, and controls what &app; will do when the day occurs on a weekend day.

We know that the subscription is taken on the 28th each month, so the Start date will be November 1, 2003 (assuming November is the next month), the Frequency will be Monthly, it will be taken every month on the 28th. Since in our example the internet subscription is automatically taken from the account, we have no need to create it in advance, nor give an end date.

When the elements on this tab are filled in, &app; will highlights the calendar below to indicate when future transactions will be run.

Finally select the Template Transaction tab and enter your transaction in the lower part as you would do in the ledger, with the only difference of having no date.

Now, you should have a window like this:

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Template Transaction tab

Edit Scheduled Transaction window, Template Transaction tab

Remember to click on the Enter icon, to validate and enter the transaction.

Now click OK, it takes you to the Scheduled Transactions tab, now showing one item in the Transactions list:

Entered scehduled transaction

Entered scehduled transaction

If you click in the calendar part on the first day of one month, a small window, following your mouse, will show you what is planned for this day. To make the small window dissapear again, just click in it one more time.

You can now close the Scheduled Transaction tab, and save your work.

What comes below is just an illustration, and is not meant to be entered into the &app; database at this stage. As per this example, the below dialogs will appear when the scheduled transaction is supposed to run.

From now on, when &app; is launched and a scheduled transaction is scheduled or need to be entered, you may see a Since Last Run... window summarizing the scheduled transactions operations (Reminder, To-Create etc... a better description of each option can be found in the &app; manual):

Scheduled transaction popup reminder

Scheduled transaction popup reminder

You can click on the Status column to change the scheduled transaction status if needed. Then just click on Ok to close the Since Last Run... window and to apply the pending operations. Select Cancel to skip entering in the ledger the pending operations.

If the Status field was set to To-Create, then if you take a look in your bank account register, you’ll see the transaction has been created:

If you enable the Review created transactions option in the lower right of the Since Last Run... window, &app; will open, after pressing Ok, the register tab of each account where the scheduled transactions were entered automatically.

If you entered the transaction for 28 of April at this stage, then please revert back to the last saved &app; file by selecting File Open and choosing the previously saved `gcashdata_3` &app; file.

## Putting It All Together

In the previous sections of this chapter the concepts and mechanics of working with transactions in &app; have been discussed. This section will expand upon the chart of accounts initially built in the previous chapter, by setting some opening balances, adding transactions and a scheduled transaction.

### Open &app; file

Start with opening the previous datafile we stored, `gcashdata_3emptyAccts`, and store it as `gcashdata_4` directly. The main window should look something like this:

Starting point for Putting It All Together

This image shows the starting point for this section.

### Opening Balances

As shown earlier with the Assets:Checking account, the starting balances in an account are typically assigned to a special account called Equity:Opening Balance. To start filling in this chart of account, begin by setting the starting balances for the accounts. Assume that there is $1000 in the savings account and $500 charged on the credit card.

1. Open the Assets:Savings account register. Select View from the menu and check to make sure you are in Basic Ledger style. You will view your transactions in the other modes later, but for now let’s enter a basic transaction using the basic default style.

2. From the Assets:Savings account register window, enter a basic 2 account transaction to set your starting balance to $1000, transferred from Equity:Opening Balance. Remember, basic transactions transfer money from a source account to a destination account. Record the transaction (press the Enter key, or click on the Enter icon).

3. From the Assets:Checking account register window, enter a basic 2 account transaction to set your starting balance to $1000, transferred from Equity:Opening Balance.

4. From the Liabilities:Visa account register window, enter a basic 2 account transaction to set your starting balance to $500, transferred from Equity:Opening Balance. This is done by entering the $500 as a charge in the Visa account (or decrease in the Opening Balance account), since it is money you borrowed. Record the transaction (press the Enter key, or click on the Enter icon).

You should now have 3 accounts with opening balances set. Assets:Checking, Assets:Savings, and Liabilities:Visa.

Chart accounts after setting opening balance

This image shows the opening balances.

### Additional Transaction Examples

Now add some more transactions to simulate a month’s expenses. During the month, $78 is spent on electricity, $45 on phone, and $350 on rent. All paid by check. We also spent $45.21 on groceries, received $670 as salary, and paid our Internet bill this month. Finally, let’s move $100 from the savings account to the checking account.

1. Open the Expenses:Electricity account register and enter a simple 2 account transaction to pay the $78 electrical bill at the end of the current month (eg: March 28, 2006). Enter a description (eg: Light Company) and the check number (eg: 102). The Transfer account should be Assets:Checking.

2. Open the Assets:Checking account register and enter a simple 2 account transaction to pay the $45 phone bill at the end of the current month (eg: March 28, 2006). Enter a description (eg: Phone Company Name) and the check number (eg: 103). The Transfer account should be Expenses:Phone. Notice that you can enter expense transactions from either the credit side (the expense accounts) or the debit side (the asset account).

3. Open the Expenses:Rent account register and enter a simple 2 account transaction to pay the $350 in rent at the end of the current month (eg: March 28, 2006). Enter a description (eg: April Rent) and the check number (eg: 104). The Transfer account should be Assets:Checking.

4. Duplicate this transaction using the Duplicate button in the Toolbar. Start by clicking on the current rent transaction, and click on the Duplicate icon. Enter the transaction date a month out in the future (eg: April 28, 2006), and notice the blue line separator that &app; uses to separate future transactions from current ones. In this way, you can enter transactions before they occur.

   You could also set up a scheduled transaction to pay your rent, since the value of the rent is likely to be constant for the foreseeable future.

   - Start by clicking on the current (April 28) rent transaction, and click on the Schedule icon

   - Change to Monthly, change description if needed and press OK

5. To transfer money from your savings account to your checking account, open the Assets:Savings account register, add a new transaction setting the Transfer to Assets:Checking in the amount of $100 (date 6 March, 2006).

6. As another example of a simple 2 account transaction, add another transaction to describe the purchase of $45.21 worth of groceries on 5 of March. From within the Assets:Checking account, you would set Transfer to Expenses:Groceries. The account register should now appear:

7. To add a paycheck transaction from the Assets:Checking account register window, click on a new transaction line, and click on Split. First enter the description of this transaction on the first line (eg: Employers R Us), as well as the date (14 March). In the split line below this, enter the deposit into Assets:Checking (eg:$670). Follow this with the various tax deposits (Assets:Checking (eg: $670), Expenses:Taxes:Federal account (eg: $180), Expenses:Taxes:Medicare account (eg: $90), and Expenses:Taxes:Social Security account (eg: $60)) and lastly the gross total of your paycheck (eg: $1000) as a withdrawal transfer from Income:Salary.

8. You also need to pay for your Internet subscription of 20 USD on the 28th.

Chart accounts after setting all the various transactions

This image shows the ending balances after .

### Save file

Before we go to the report section, let’s save the &app; data file (`gcashdata_4`).

### Reports

But only having data available on the computer screen will not make your accountant happy, therefore &app; comes with a large number of highly customizable reports.

Let’s have a look at a Cash Flow, and a Transaction Report.

1. First let’s have a look at the Cash Flow report for the month of March.

   Select the cash flow report from Reports Income & Expense Cash Flow.

   Cash Flow report for the month of March

   This image shows the Cash Flow report after .

   To get this customized report, right click in the report and choose Report Options. Then set the time period, and specify which accounts you want in the report.

2. Now let’s have a look at corresponding transaction report for the Checking account.

   Select the transaction report from Reports Transaction Report.

   Transaction Report for the Checking account during March

   This image shows the Transaction Report for the Checking account during March.

3. Now let’s change the transaction report to only show the various Expenses accounts.

   Transaction Report for the Expenses accounts during March

   This image shows the Transaction Report for the various Expense accounts during March.