Release: 1.2.8 | Release Date: May 28, 2018

# SQLAlchemy 1.2 Documentation

# Inheritance Configuration

Declarative supports all three forms of inheritance as intuitively as possible. The `inherits` mapper keyword argument is not needed as declarative will determine this from the class itself. The various “polymorphic” keyword arguments are specified using `__mapper_args__`.

See also

Mapping Class Inheritance Hierarchies - general introduction to inheritance mapping with Declarative.

## Joined Table Inheritance

Joined table inheritance is defined as a subclass that defines its own table:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'), primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

Note that above, the `Engineer.id` attribute, since it shares the same attribute name as the `Person.id` attribute, will in fact represent the `people.id` and `engineers.id` columns together, with the “Engineer.id” column taking precedence if queried directly. To provide the `Engineer` class with an attribute that represents only the `engineers.id` column, give it a different attribute name:

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        engineer_id = Column('id', Integer, ForeignKey('people.id'),
                                                    primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

## Single Table Inheritance

Single table inheritance is defined as a subclass that does not have its own table; you just leave out the `__table__` and `__tablename__` attributes:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        primary_language = Column(String(50))

When the above mappers are configured, the `Person` class is mapped to the `people` table before the `primary_language` column is defined, and this column will not be included in its own mapping. When `Engineer` then defines the `primary_language` column, the column is added to the `people` table so that it is included in the mapping for `Engineer` and is also part of the table’s full set of columns. Columns which are not mapped to `Person` are also excluded from any other single or joined inheriting classes using the `exclude_properties` mapper argument. Below, `Manager` will have all the attributes of `Person` and `Manager` but not the `primary_language` attribute of `Engineer`:

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
        golf_swing = Column(String(50))

The attribute exclusion logic is provided by the `exclude_properties` mapper argument, and declarative’s default behavior can be disabled by passing an explicit `exclude_properties` collection (empty or otherwise) to the `__mapper_args__`.

### Resolving Column Conflicts

Note above that the `primary_language` and `golf_swing` columns are “moved up” to be applied to `Person.__table__`, as a result of their declaration on a subclass that has no table of its own. A tricky case comes up when two subclasses want to specify the same column, as below:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}
        start_date = Column(DateTime)

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}
        start_date = Column(DateTime)

Above, the `start_date` column declared on both `Engineer` and `Manager` will result in an error:

    sqlalchemy.exc.ArgumentError: Column 'start_date' on class
    <class '__main__.Manager'> conflicts with existing
    column 'people.start_date'

In a situation like this, Declarative can’t be sure of the intent, especially if the `start_date` columns had, for example, different types. A situation like this can be resolved by using `declared_attr` to define the `Column` conditionally, taking care to return the existing column via the parent `__table__` if it already exists:

    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}

        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            "Start date column, if not present already."
            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

    class Manager(Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}

        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            "Start date column, if not present already."
            return Person.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

Above, when `Manager` is mapped, the `start_date` column is already present on the `Person` class. Declarative lets us return that `Column` as a result in this case, where it knows to skip re-assigning the same column. If the mapping is mis-configured such that the `start_date` column is accidentally re-assigned to a different table (such as, if we changed `Manager` to be joined inheritance without fixing `start_date`), an error is raised which indicates an existing `Column` is trying to be re-assigned to a different owning `Table`.

New in version 0.8: `declared_attr` can be used on a non-mixin class, and the returned `Column` or other mapped attribute will be applied to the mapping as any other attribute. Previously, the resulting attribute would be ignored, and also result in a warning being emitted when a subclass was created.

New in version 0.8: `declared_attr`, when used either with a mixin or non-mixin declarative class, can return an existing `Column` already assigned to the parent `Table`, to indicate that the re-assignment of the `Column` should be skipped, however should still be mapped on the target class, in order to resolve duplicate column conflicts.

The same concept can be used with mixin classes (see Mixin and Custom Base Classes):

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        discriminator = Column('type', String(50))
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on': discriminator}

    class HasStartDate(object):
        @declared_attr
        def start_date(cls):
            return cls.__table__.c.get('start_date', Column(DateTime))

    class Engineer(HasStartDate, Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'engineer'}

    class Manager(HasStartDate, Person):
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity': 'manager'}

The above mixin checks the local `__table__` attribute for the column. Because we’re using single table inheritance, we’re sure that in this case, `cls.__table__` refers to `Person.__table__`. If we were mixing joined- and single-table inheritance, we might want our mixin to check more carefully if `cls.__table__` is really the `Table` we’re looking for.

## Concrete Table Inheritance

Concrete is defined as a subclass which has its own table and sets the `concrete` keyword argument to `True`:

    class Person(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'people'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(50))

    class Engineer(Person):
        __tablename__ = 'engineers'
        __mapper_args__ = {'concrete':True}
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        primary_language = Column(String(50))
        name = Column(String(50))

Usage of an abstract base class is a little less straightforward as it requires usage of `polymorphic_union()`, which needs to be created with the `Table` objects before the class is built:

    engineers = Table('engineers', Base.metadata,
                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
                    Column('name', String(50)),
                    Column('primary_language', String(50))
                )
    managers = Table('managers', Base.metadata,
                    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
                    Column('name', String(50)),
                    Column('golf_swing', String(50))
                )

    punion = polymorphic_union({
        'engineer':engineers,
        'manager':managers
    }, 'type', 'punion')

    class Person(Base):
        __table__ = punion
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_on':punion.c.type}

    class Engineer(Person):
        __table__ = engineers
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'engineer', 'concrete':True}

    class Manager(Person):
        __table__ = managers
        __mapper_args__ = {'polymorphic_identity':'manager', 'concrete':True}

The helper classes `AbstractConcreteBase` and `ConcreteBase` provide automation for the above system of creating a polymorphic union. See the documentation for these helpers as well as the main ORM documentation on concrete inheritance for details.

See also

Concrete Table Inheritance

inheritance_concrete_helpers