## 86 stringproc

### 86.1 Introduction to String Processing

The package `stringproc` contains functions for processing strings and characters including formatting, encoding and data streams. This package is completed by some tools for cryptography, e.g. base64 and hash functions.

It can be directly loaded via `load(stringproc)` or automatically by using one of its functions.

For questions and bug reports please contact the author. The following command prints his e-mail-address.

`printf(true, "~{~a~}@gmail.com", split(sdowncase("Volker van Nek")))$`

A string is constructed by typing e.g. `"Text"`. When the option variable `stringdisp` is set to `false`, which is the default, the double quotes won’t be printed. stringp is a test, if an object is a string.

    (%i1) str: "Text";
    (%o1)                         Text
    (%i2) stringp(str);
    (%o2)                         true

Characters are represented by a string of length 1. charp is the corresponding test.

    (%i1) char: "e";
    (%o1)                           e
    (%i2) charp(char);
    (%o2)                         true

In Maxima position indices in strings are like in list 1-indexed which results to the following consistency.

    (%i1) is(charat("Lisp",1) = charlist("Lisp")[1]);
    (%o1)                         true

A string may contain Maxima expressions. These can be parsed with parse_string.

    (%i1) map(parse_string, ["42" ,"sqrt(2)", "%pi"]);
    (%o1)                   [42, sqrt(2), %pi]
    (%i2) map('float, %);
    (%o2)        [42.0, 1.414213562373095, 3.141592653589793]

Strings can be processed as characters or in binary form as octets. Functions for conversions are string_to_octets and octets_to_string. Usable encodings depend on the platform, the application and the underlying Lisp. (The following shows Maxima in GNU/Linux, compiled with SBCL.)

    (%i1) obase: 16.$
    (%i2) string_to_octets("$£€", "cp1252");
    (%o2)                     [24, 0A3, 80]
    (%i3) string_to_octets("$£€", "utf-8");
    (%o3)               [24, 0C2, 0A3, 0E2, 82, 0AC]

Strings may be written to character streams or as octets to binary streams. The following example demonstrates file in and output of characters.

openw returns an output stream to a file, printf writes formatted to that file and by e.g. close all characters contained in the stream are written to the file.

    (%i1) s: openw("file.txt");
    (%o1)                #<output stream file.txt>
    (%i2) printf(s, "~%~d ~f ~a ~a ~f ~e ~a~%",
    42, 1.234, sqrt(2), %pi, 1.0e-2, 1.0e-2, 1.0b-2)$
    (%i3) close(s)$

openr then returns an input stream from the previously used file and readline returns the line read as a string. The string may be tokenized by e.g. split or tokens and finally parsed by parse_string.

    (%i4) s: openr("file.txt");
    (%o4)                 #<input stream file.txt>
    (%i5) readline(s);
    (%o5)          42 1.234 sqrt(2) %pi 0.01 1.0E-2 1.0b-2
    (%i6) map(parse_string, split(%));
    (%o6)       [42, 1.234, sqrt(2), %pi, 0.01, 0.01, 1.0b-2]
    (%i7) close(s)$

·

Categories: Strings ·Share packages ·Package stringproc

### 86.2 Input and Output

Example: Formatted printing to a file.

    (%i1) s: openw("file.txt");
    (%o1)                      #<output stream file.txt>
    (%i2) control:
    "~2tAn atom: ~20t~a~%~2tand a list: ~20t~{~r ~}~%~2t\
    and an integer: ~20t~d~%"$
    (%i3) printf( s,control, 'true,[1,2,3],42 )$
    (%o3)                                false
    (%i4) close(s);
    (%o4)                                true
    (%i5) s: openr("file.txt");
    (%o5)                      #<input stream file.txt>
    (%i6) while stringp( tmp:readline(s) ) do print(tmp)$
      An atom:          true
      and a list:       one two three
      and an integer:   42
    (%i7) close(s)$

Function: close (stream)

  Closes stream and returns `true` if stream had been open.

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  Categories: File input ·File output ·Package stringproc

Function: flength (stream)

  stream has to be an open stream from or to a file. `flength` then returns the number of bytes which are currently present in this file.

  Example: See writebyte .

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  Categories: File input ·File output ·Package stringproc

Function: flush_output (stream)

  Flushes stream where stream has to be an output stream to a file.

  Example: See writebyte .

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: fposition
`fposition` (stream)
`fposition` (stream, pos)

  Returns the current position in stream, if pos is not used. If pos is used, `fposition` sets the position in stream. stream has to be a stream from or to a file and pos has to be a positive number.

  Positions in data streams are like in strings or lists 1-indexed, i.e. the first element in stream is in position 1.

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  Categories: File input ·File output ·Package stringproc

Function: freshline
`freshline` ()
`freshline` (stream)

  Writes a new line to the standard output stream if the position is not at the beginning of a line und returns `true`. Using the optional argument stream the new line is written to that stream. There are some cases, where `freshline()` does not work as expected.

  See also newline.

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: get_output_stream_string (stream)

  Returns a string containing all the characters currently present in stream which must be an open string-output stream. The returned characters are removed from stream.

  Example: See make_string_output_stream .

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: make_string_input_stream
`make_string_input_stream` (string)
`make_string_input_stream` (string, start)
`make_string_input_stream` (string, start, end)

  Returns an input stream which contains parts of string and an end of file. Without optional arguments the stream contains the entire string and is positioned in front of the first character. start and end define the substring contained in the stream. The first character is available at position 1.

      (%i1) istream : make_string_input_stream("text", 1, 4);
      (%o1)              #<string-input stream from "text">
      (%i2) (while (c : readchar(istream)) # false do sprint(c), newline())$
      t e x
      (%i3) close(istream)$

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: make_string_output_stream ()

  Returns an output stream that accepts characters. Characters currently present in this stream can be retrieved by get_output_stream_string.

      (%i1) ostream : make_string_output_stream();
      (%o1)               #<string-output stream 09622ea0>
      (%i2) printf(ostream, "foo")$

      (%i3) printf(ostream, "bar")$

      (%i4) string : get_output_stream_string(ostream);
      (%o4)                            foobar
      (%i5) printf(ostream, "baz")$

      (%i6) string : get_output_stream_string(ostream);
      (%o6)                              baz
      (%i7) close(ostream)$

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: newline
`newline` ()
`newline` (stream)

  Writes a new line to the standard output stream. Using the optional argument stream the new line is written to that stream. There are some cases, where `newline()` does not work as expected.

  See sprint for an example of using `newline()`.

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: opena (file)

  Returns a character output stream to file. If an existing file is opened, `opena` appends elements at the end of file.

  For binary output see opena_binary .

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: openr
`openr` (file)
`openr` (file, encoding)

  Returns a character input stream to file. `openr` assumes that file already exists. If reading the file results in a lisp error about its encoding passing the correct string as the argument encoding might help. The available encodings and their names depend on the lisp being used. For sbcl a list of suitable strings can be found at http://www.sbcl.org/manual/#External-Formats.

  For binary input see openr_binary . See also `close` and `openw`.

      (%i1) istream : openr("data.txt","EUC-JP");
      (%o1)     #<FD-STREAM for "file /home/gunter/data.txt" {10099A3AE3}>
      (%i2) close(istream);
      (%o2)                                true

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  Categories: File input ·Package stringproc

Function: openw (file)

  Returns a character output stream to file. If file does not exist, it will be created. If an existing file is opened, `openw` destructively modifies file.

  For binary output see openw_binary .

  See also `close` and `openr`.

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: printf
`printf` (dest, string)
`printf` (dest, string, expr_1, ..., expr_n)

  Produces formatted output by outputting the characters of control-string string and observing that a tilde introduces a directive. The character after the tilde, possibly preceded by prefix parameters and modifiers, specifies what kind of formatting is desired. Most directives use one or more elements of the arguments expr_1, ..., expr_n to create their output.

  If dest is a stream or `true`, then `printf` returns `false`. Otherwise, `printf` returns a string containing the output. By default the streams stdin, stdout and stderr are defined. If maxima is running as a server (which is the normal case if maxima communicating with a graphical user interface) `setup-client` will define old_stdout and old_stderr, too.

  `printf` provides the Common Lisp function `format` in Maxima. The following example illustrates the general relation between these two functions.

      (%i1) printf(true, "R~dD~d~%", 2, 2);
      R2D2
      (%o1)                                false
      (%i2) :lisp (format t "R~dD~d~%" 2 2)
      R2D2
      NIL

  The following description is limited to a rough sketch of the possibilities of `printf`. The Lisp function `format` is described in detail in many reference books. Of good help is e.g. the free available online-manual "Common Lisp the Language" by Guy L. Steele. See chapter 22.3.3 there.

         ~%       new line
         ~&       fresh line
         ~t       tab
         ~$       monetary
         ~d       decimal integer
         ~b       binary integer
         ~o       octal integer
         ~x       hexadecimal integer
         ~br      base-b integer
         ~r       spell an integer
         ~p       plural
         ~f       floating point
         ~e       scientific notation
         ~g       ~f or ~e, depending upon magnitude
         ~h       bigfloat
         ~a       uses Maxima function string
         ~s       like ~a, but output enclosed in "double quotes"
         ~~       ~
         ~<       justification, ~> terminates
         ~(       case conversion, ~) terminates
         ~[       selection, ~] terminates
         ~{       iteration, ~} terminates

  The directive ~h for bigfloat is no Lisp-standard and is therefore illustrated below.

  Note that the directive ~* is not supported.

  If dest is a stream or `true`, then `printf` returns `false`. Otherwise, `printf` returns a string containing the output.

      (%i1) printf( false, "~a ~a ~4f ~a ~@r",
                    "String",sym,bound,sqrt(12),144), bound = 1.234;
      (%o1)                 String sym 1.23 2*sqrt(3) CXLIV
      (%i2) printf( false,"~{~a ~}",["one",2,"THREE"] );
      (%o2)                          one 2 THREE
      (%i3) printf(true,"~{~{~9,1f ~}~%~}",mat ),
                mat = args(matrix([1.1,2,3.33],[4,5,6],[7,8.88,9]))$
            1.1       2.0       3.3
            4.0       5.0       6.0
            7.0       8.9       9.0
      (%i4) control: "~:(~r~) bird~p ~[is~;are~] singing."$
      (%i5) printf( false,control, n,n,if n=1 then 1 else 2 ), n=2;
      (%o5)                    Two birds are singing.

  The directive ~h has been introduced to handle bigfloats.

      ~w,d,e,x,o,p@H
       w : width
       d : decimal digits behind floating point
       e : minimal exponent digits
       x : preferred exponent
       o : overflow character
       p : padding character
       @ : display sign for positive numbers

      (%i1) fpprec : 1000$
      (%i2) printf(true, "|~h|~%", 2.b0^-64)$
      |0.0000000000000000000542101086242752217003726400434970855712890625|
      (%i3) fpprec : 26$
      (%i4) printf(true, "|~h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1.4142135623730950488016887|
      (%i5) fpprec : 24$
      (%i6) printf(true, "|~h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1.41421356237309504880169|
      (%i7) printf(true, "|~28h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |   1.41421356237309504880169|
      (%i8) printf(true, "|~28,,,,,'*h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |***1.41421356237309504880169|
      (%i9) printf(true, "|~,18h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1.414213562373095049|
      (%i10) printf(true, "|~,,,-3h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1414.21356237309504880169b-3|
      (%i11) printf(true, "|~,,2,-3h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1414.21356237309504880169b-03|
      (%i12) printf(true, "|~20h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |1.41421356237309504880169|
      (%i13) printf(true, "|~20,,,,'+h|~%", sqrt(2))$
      |++++++++++++++++++++|

  For conversion of objects to strings also see `concat`, `sconcat`, `string` and `simplode`.

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

Function: readbyte (stream)

  Removes and returns the first byte in stream which must be a binary input stream. If the end of file is encountered `readbyte` returns `false`.

  Example: Read the first 16 bytes from a file encrypted with AES in OpenSSL.

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$

      (%i2) in: openr_binary("msg.bin");
      (%o2)                       #<input stream msg.bin>
      (%i3) (L:[],  thru 16. do push(readbyte(in), L),  L:reverse(L));
      (%o3) [53, 61, 6C, 74, 65, 64, 5F, 5F, 88, 56, 0DE, 8A, 74, 0FD, 0AD, 0F0]
      (%i4) close(in);
      (%o4)                                true
      (%i5) map(ascii, rest(L,-8));
      (%o5)                      [S, a, l, t, e, d, _, _]
      (%i6) salt: octets_to_number(rest(L,8));
      (%o6)                          8856de8a74fdadf0

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  Categories: File input ·Package stringproc

Function: readchar (stream)

  Removes and returns the first character in stream. If the end of file is encountered `readchar` returns `false`.

  Example: See make_string_input_stream.

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  Categories: File input ·Package stringproc

Function: readline (stream)

  Returns a string containing all characters starting at the current position in stream up to the end of the line or `false` if the end of the file is encountered.

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  Categories: File input ·Package stringproc

Function: sprint (expr_1, …, expr_n)

  Evaluates and displays its arguments one after the other ‘on a line’ starting at the leftmost position. The expressions are printed with a space character right next to the number, and it disregards line length. `newline()` might be used for line breaking.

  Example: Sequential printing with `sprint`. Creating a new line with `newline()`.

      (%i1) for n:0 thru 19 do sprint(fib(n))$
      0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181
      (%i2) for n:0 thru 22 do (
               sprint(fib(n)),
               if mod(n,10) = 9 then newline() )$
      0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
      55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584 4181
      6765 10946 17711

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: writebyte (byte, stream)

  Writes byte to stream which must be a binary output stream. `writebyte` returns `byte`.

  Example: Write some bytes to a binary file output stream. In this example all bytes correspond to printable characters and are printed by `printfile`. The bytes remain in the stream until `flush_output` or `close` have been called.

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$

      (%i2) bytes: map(cint, charlist("GNU/Linux"));
      (%o2)                [47, 4E, 55, 2F, 4C, 69, 6E, 75, 78]
      (%i3) out: openw_binary("test.bin");
      (%o3)                      #<output stream test.bin>
      (%i4) for i thru 3 do writebyte(bytes[i], out);
      (%o4)                                done
      (%i5) printfile("test.bin")$

      (%i6) flength(out);
      (%o6)                                  0
      (%i7) flush_output(out);
      (%o7)                                true
      (%i8) flength(out);
      (%o8)                                  3
      (%i9) printfile("test.bin")$
      GNU
      (%i0A) for b in rest(bytes,3) do writebyte(b, out);
      (%o0A)                               done
      (%i0B) close(out);
      (%o0B)                               true
      (%i0C) printfile("test.bin")$
      GNU/Linux

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  Categories: File output ·Package stringproc

### 86.3 Characters

Characters are strings of length 1.

Function: adjust_external_format ()

  Prints information about the current external format of the Lisp reader and in case the external format encoding differs from the encoding of the application which runs Maxima `adjust_external_format` tries to adjust the encoding or prints some help or instruction. `adjust_external_format` returns `true` when the external format has been changed and `false` otherwise.

  Functions like cint, unicode, octets_to_string and string_to_octets need UTF-8 as the external format of the Lisp reader to work properly over the full range of Unicode characters.

  Examples (Maxima on Windows, March 2016): Using `adjust_external_format` when the default external format is not equal to the encoding provided by the application.

  1. Command line Maxima

  In case a terminal session is preferred it is recommended to use Maxima compiled with SBCL. Here Unicode support is provided by default and calls to `adjust_external_format` are unnecessary.

  If Maxima is compiled with CLISP or GCL it is recommended to change the terminal encoding from CP850 to CP1252. `adjust_external_format` prints some help.

  CCL reads UTF-8 while the terminal input is CP850 by default. CP1252 is not supported by CCL. `adjust_external_format` prints instructions for changing the terminal encoding and external format both to iso-8859-1.

  2. wxMaxima

  In wxMaxima SBCL reads CP1252 by default but the input from the application is UTF-8 encoded. Adjustment is needed.

  Calling `adjust_external_format` and restarting Maxima permanently changes the default external format to UTF-8.

      (%i1)adjust_external_format();
      The line
      (setf sb-impl::*default-external-format* :utf-8)
      has been appended to the init file
      C:/Users/Username/.sbclrc
      Please restart Maxima to set the external format to UTF-8.
      (%i1) false

  Restarting Maxima.

      (%i1) adjust_external_format();
      The external format is currently UTF-8
      and has not been changed.
      (%i1) false

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: alphacharp (char)

  Returns `true` if char is an alphabetic character.

  To identify a non-US-ASCII character as an alphabetic character the underlying Lisp must provide full Unicode support. E.g. a German umlaut is detected as an alphabetic character with SBCL in GNU/Linux but not with GCL. (In Windows Maxima, when compiled with SBCL, must be set to UTF-8. See adjust_external_format for more.)

  Example: Examination of non-US-ASCII characters.

  The underlying Lisp (SBCL, GNU/Linux) is able to convert the typed character into a Lisp character and to examine.

      (%i1) alphacharp("ü");
      (%o1)                          true

  In GCL this is not possible. An error break occurs.

      (%i1) alphacharp("u");
      (%o1)                          true
      (%i2) alphacharp("ü");

      package stringproc: ü cannot be converted into a Lisp character.
       -- an error.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: alphanumericp (char)

  Returns `true` if char is an alphabetic character or a digit (only corresponding US-ASCII characters are regarded as digits).

  Note: See remarks on alphacharp.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: ascii (int)

  Returns the US-ASCII character corresponding to the integer int which has to be less than `128`.

  See unicode for converting code points larger than `127`.

  Examples:

      (%i1) for n from 0 thru 127 do (
              ch: ascii(n),
              if alphacharp(ch) then sprint(ch),
              if n = 96 then newline() )$
      A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
      a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: cequal (char_1, char_2)

  Returns `true` if char_1 and char_2 are the same character.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: cequalignore (char_1, char_2)

  Like `cequal` but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an alphabetic character. See remarks on alphacharp.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: cgreaterp (char_1, char_2)

  Returns `true` if the code point of char_1 is greater than the code point of char_2.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: cgreaterpignore (char_1, char_2)

  Like `cgreaterp` but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an alphabetic character. See remarks on alphacharp.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: charp (obj)

  Returns `true` if obj is a Maxima-character. See introduction for example.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: cint (char)

  Returns the Unicode code point of char which must be a Maxima character, i.e. a string of length `1`.

  Examples: The hexadecimal code point of some characters (Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux).

      (%i1) obase: 16.$
      (%i2) map(cint, ["$","£","€"]);
      (%o2)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]

  Warning: It is not possible to enter characters corresponding to code points larger than 16 bit in wxMaxima with SBCL on Windows when the external format has not been set to UTF-8. See adjust_external_format.

  CMUCL doesn’t process these characters as one character. `cint` then returns `false`. Converting a character to a code point via UTF-8-octets may serve as a workaround:

  `utf8_to_unicode(string_to_octets(character));`

  See utf8_to_unicode, string_to_octets.

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: clessp (char_1, char_2)

  Returns `true` if the code point of char_1 is less than the code point of char_2.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: clesspignore (char_1, char_2)

  Like `clessp` but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an alphabetic character. See remarks on alphacharp.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: constituent (char)

  Returns `true` if char is a graphic character but not a space character. A graphic character is a character one can see, plus the space character. (`constituent` is defined by Paul Graham. See Paul Graham, ANSI Common Lisp, 1996, page 67.)

      (%i1) for n from 0 thru 255 do (
      tmp: ascii(n), if constituent(tmp) then sprint(tmp) )$
      ! " #  %  ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B
      C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c
      d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: digitcharp (char)

  Returns `true` if char is a digit where only the corresponding US-ASCII-character is regarded as a digit.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: lowercasep (char)

  Returns `true` if char is a lowercase character.

  Note: See remarks on alphacharp.

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  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Variable: newline

  The newline character (ASCII-character 10).

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  Categories: Global variables ·Package stringproc

Variable: space

  The space character.

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  Categories: Global variables ·Package stringproc

Variable: tab

  The tab character.

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  Categories: Global variables ·Package stringproc

Function: unicode (arg)

  Returns the character defined by arg which might be a Unicode code point or a name string if the underlying Lisp provides full Unicode support.

  Example: Characters defined by hexadecimal code points (Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux).

      (%i1) ibase: 16.$
      (%i2) map(unicode, [24, 0A3, 20AC]);
      (%o2)                            [$, £, €]

  Warning: In wxMaxima with SBCL on Windows it is not possible to convert code points larger than 16 bit to characters when the external format has not been set to UTF-8. See adjust_external_format for more information.

  CMUCL doesn’t process code points larger than 16 bit. In these cases `unicode` returns `false`. Converting a code point to a character via UTF-8 octets may serve as a workaround:

  `octets_to_string(unicode_to_utf8(code_point));`

  See octets_to_string, unicode_to_utf8.

  In case the underlying Lisp provides full Unicode support the character might be specified by its name. The following is possible in ECL, CLISP and SBCL, where in SBCL on Windows the external format has to be set to UTF-8. `unicode(name)` is supported by CMUCL too but again limited to 16 bit characters.

  The string argument to `unicode` is basically the same string returned by `printf` using the "~@c" specifier. But as shown below the prefix "#\" must be omitted. Underlines might be replaced by spaces and uppercase letters by lowercase ones.

  Example (continued): Characters defined by names (Maxima with SBCL on GNU/Linux).

      (%i3) printf(false, "~@c", unicode(0DF));
      (%o3)                    #\LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S
      (%i4) unicode("LATIN_SMALL_LETTER_SHARP_S");
      (%o4)                                  ß
      (%i5) unicode("Latin small letter sharp s");
      (%o5)                                  ß

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  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: unicode_to_utf8 (code_point)

  Returns a list containing the UTF-8 code corresponding to the Unicode code_point.

  Examples: Converting Unicode code points to UTF-8 and vice versa.

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$
      (%i2) map(cint, ["$","£","€"]);
      (%o2)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]
      (%i3) map(unicode_to_utf8, %);
      (%o3)                 [[24], [0C2, 0A3], [0E2, 82, 0AC]]
      (%i4) map(utf8_to_unicode, %);
      (%o4)                           [24, 0A3, 20AC]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: uppercasep (char)

  Returns `true` if char is an uppercase character.

  Note: See remarks on alphacharp.

  ·

  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Variable: us_ascii_only

  This option variable affects Maxima when the character encoding provided by the application which runs Maxima is UTF-8 but the external format of the Lisp reader is not equal to UTF-8.

  On GNU/Linux this is true when Maxima is built with GCL and on Windows in wxMaxima with GCL- and SBCL-builds. With SBCL it is recommended to change the external format to UTF-8. Setting `us_ascii_only` is unnecessary then. See adjust_external_format for details.

  `us_ascii_only` is `false` by default. Maxima itself then (i.e. in the above described situation) parses the UTF-8 encoding.

  When `us_ascii_only` is set to `true` it is assumed that all strings used as arguments to string processing functions do not contain Non-US-ASCII characters. Given that promise, Maxima avoids parsing UTF-8 and strings can be processed more efficiently.

  ·

  Categories: Global variables ·Package stringproc

Function: utf8_to_unicode (list)

  Returns a Unicode code point corresponding to the list which must contain the UTF-8 encoding of a single character.

  Examples: See unicode_to_utf8.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

### 86.4 String Processing

Position indices in strings are 1-indexed like in Maxima lists. See example in charat.

Function: charat (string, n)

  Returns the n-th character of string. The first character in string is returned with n = 1.

      (%i1) charat("Lisp",1);
      (%o1)                           L
      (%i2) charlist("Lisp")[1];
      (%o2)                           L

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: charlist (string)

  Returns the list of all characters in string.

      (%i1) charlist("Lisp");
      (%o1)                     [L, i, s, p]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: eval_string (str)

  Parse the string str as a Maxima expression and evaluate it. The string str may or may not have a terminator (dollar sign `$` or semicolon `;`). Only the first expression is parsed and evaluated, if there is more than one.

  Complain if str is not a string.

  Examples:

      (%i1) eval_string ("foo: 42; bar: foo^2 + baz");
      (%o1)                       42
      (%i2) eval_string ("(foo: 42, bar: foo^2 + baz)");
      (%o2)                   baz + 1764

  See also parse_string.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: parse_string (str)

  Parse the string str as a Maxima expression (do not evaluate it). The string str may or may not have a terminator (dollar sign `$` or semicolon `;`). Only the first expression is parsed, if there is more than one.

  Complain if str is not a string.

  Examples:

      (%i1) parse_string ("foo: 42; bar: foo^2 + baz");
      (%o1)                    foo : 42
      (%i2) parse_string ("(foo: 42, bar: foo^2 + baz)");
                                         2
      (%o2)          (foo : 42, bar : foo  + baz)

  See also eval_string.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: scopy (string)

  Returns a copy of string as a new string.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sdowncase
`sdowncase` (string)
`sdowncase` (string, start)
`sdowncase` (string, start, end)

  Like supcase but uppercase characters are converted to lowercase.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sequal (string_1, string_2)

  Returns `true` if string_1 and string_2 contain the same sequence of characters.

  ·

  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: sequalignore (string_1, string_2)

  Like `sequal` but ignores case which is only possible for non-US-ASCII characters when the underlying Lisp is able to recognize a character as an alphabetic character. See remarks on alphacharp.

  ·

  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: sexplode (string)

  `sexplode` is an alias for function `charlist`.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: simplode
`simplode` (list)
`simplode` (list, delim)

  `simplode` takes a list of expressions and concatenates them into a string. If no delimiter delim is specified, `simplode` uses no delimiter. delim can be any string.

  See also `concat`, `sconcat`, `string` and `printf`.

  Examples:

      (%i1) simplode(["xx[",3,"]:",expand((x+y)^3)]);
      (%o1)             xx[3]:y^3+3*x*y^2+3*x^2*y+x^3
      (%i2) simplode( sexplode("stars")," * " );
      (%o2)                   s * t * a * r * s
      (%i3) simplode( ["One","more","coffee."]," " );
      (%o3)                   One more coffee.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sinsert (seq, string, pos)

  Returns a string that is a concatenation of `substring(string, 1, pos-1)`, the string seq and `substring (string, pos)`. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.

  Examples:

      (%i1) s: "A submarine."$
      (%i2) concat( substring(s,1,3),"yellow ",substring(s,3) );
      (%o2)                  A yellow submarine.
      (%i3) sinsert("hollow ",s,3);
      (%o3)                  A hollow submarine.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sinvertcase
`sinvertcase` (string)
`sinvertcase` (string, start)
`sinvertcase` (string, start, end)

  Returns string except that each character from position start to end is inverted. If end is not given, all characters from start to the end of string are replaced.

  Examples:

      (%i1) sinvertcase("sInvertCase");
      (%o1)                      SiNVERTcASE

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: slength (string)

  Returns the number of characters in string.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: smake (num, char)

  Returns a new string with a number of num characters char.

  Example:

      (%i1) smake(3,"w");
      (%o1)                          www

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: smismatch
`smismatch` (string_1, string_2)
`smismatch` (string_1, string_2, test)

  Returns the position of the first character of string_1 at which string_1 and string_2 differ or `false`. Default test function for matching is `sequal`. If `smismatch` should ignore case, use `sequalignore` as test.

  Example:

      (%i1) smismatch("seven","seventh");
      (%o1)                           6

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: split
`split` (string)
`split` (string, delim)
`split` (string, delim, multiple)

  Returns the list of all tokens in string. Each token is an unparsed string. `split` uses delim as delimiter. If delim is not given, the space character is the default delimiter. multiple is a boolean variable with `true` by default. Multiple delimiters are read as one. This is useful if tabs are saved as multiple space characters. If multiple is set to `false`, each delimiter is noted.

  Examples:

      (%i1) split("1.2   2.3   3.4   4.5");
      (%o1)                 [1.2, 2.3, 3.4, 4.5]
      (%i2) split("first;;third;fourth",";",false);
      (%o2)               [first, , third, fourth]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sposition (char, string)

  Returns the position of the first character in string which matches char. The first character in string is in position 1. For matching characters ignoring case see ssearch.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sremove
`sremove` (seq, string)
`sremove` (seq, string, test)
`sremove` (seq, string, test, start)
`sremove` (seq, string, test, start, end)

  Returns a string like string but without all substrings matching seq. Default test function for matching is `sequal`. If `sremove` should ignore case while searching for seq, use `sequalignore` as test. Use start and end to limit searching. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.

  Examples:

      (%i1) sremove("n't","I don't like coffee.");
      (%o1)                   I do like coffee.
      (%i2) sremove ("DO ",%,'sequalignore);
      (%o2)                    I like coffee.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sremovefirst
`sremovefirst` (seq, string)
`sremovefirst` (seq, string, test)
`sremovefirst` (seq, string, test, start)
`sremovefirst` (seq, string, test, start, end)

  Like `sremove` except that only the first substring that matches seq is removed.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sreverse (string)

  Returns a string with all the characters of string in reverse order.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: ssearch
`ssearch` (seq, string)
`ssearch` (seq, string, test)
`ssearch` (seq, string, test, start)
`ssearch` (seq, string, test, start, end)

  Returns the position of the first substring of string that matches the string seq. Default test function for matching is `sequal`. If `ssearch` should ignore case, use `sequalignore` as test. Use start and end to limit searching. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.

  Example:

      (%i1) ssearch("~s","~{~S ~}~%",'sequalignore);
      (%o1)                                  4

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: ssort
`ssort` (string)
`ssort` (string, test)

  Returns a string that contains all characters from string in an order such there are no two successive characters c and d such that `test (c, d)` is `false` and `test (d, c)` is `true`. Default test function for sorting is clessp. The set of test functions is `{clessp, clesspignore, cgreaterp, cgreaterpignore, cequal, cequalignore}`.

  Examples:

      (%i1) ssort("I don't like Mondays.");
      (%o1)                    '.IMaddeiklnnoosty
      (%i2) ssort("I don't like Mondays.",'cgreaterpignore);
      (%o2)                 ytsoonnMlkIiedda.'

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: ssubst
`ssubst` (new, old, string)
`ssubst` (new, old, string, test)
`ssubst` (new, old, string, test, start)
`ssubst` (new, old, string, test, start, end)

  Returns a string like string except that all substrings matching old are replaced by new. old and new need not to be of the same length. Default test function for matching is `sequal`. If `ssubst` should ignore case while searching for old, use `sequalignore` as test. Use start and end to limit searching. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.

  Examples:

      (%i1) ssubst("like","hate","I hate Thai food. I hate green tea.");
      (%o1)          I like Thai food. I like green tea.
      (%i2) ssubst("Indian","thai",%,'sequalignore,8,12);
      (%o2)         I like Indian food. I like green tea.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: ssubstfirst
`ssubstfirst` (new, old, string)
`ssubstfirst` (new, old, string, test)
`ssubstfirst` (new, old, string, test, start)
`ssubstfirst` (new, old, string, test, start, end)

  Like `subst` except that only the first substring that matches old is replaced.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: strim (seq,string)

  Returns a string like string, but with all characters that appear in seq removed from both ends.

  Examples:

      (%i1) "/* comment */"$
      (%i2) strim(" /*",%);
      (%o2)                        comment
      (%i3) slength(%);
      (%o3)                           7

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: striml (seq, string)

  Like `strim` except that only the left end of string is trimmed.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: strimr (seq, string)

  Like `strim` except that only the right end of string is trimmed.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: stringp (obj)

  Returns `true` if obj is a string. See introduction for example.

  ·

  Categories: Predicate functions ·Package stringproc

Function: substring
`substring` (string, start)
`substring` (string, start, end)

  Returns the substring of string beginning at position start and ending at position end. The character at position end is not included. If end is not given, the substring contains the rest of the string. Note that the first character in string is in position 1.

  Examples:

      (%i1) substring("substring",4);
      (%o1)                        string
      (%i2) substring(%,4,6);
      (%o2)                          in

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: supcase
`supcase` (string)
`supcase` (string, start)
`supcase` (string, start, end)

  Returns string except that lowercase characters from position start to end are replaced by the corresponding uppercase ones. If end is not given, all lowercase characters from start to the end of string are replaced.

  Example:

      (%i1) supcase("english",1,2);
      (%o1)                        English

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: tokens
`tokens` (string)
`tokens` (string, test)

  Returns a list of tokens, which have been extracted from string. The tokens are substrings whose characters satisfy a certain test function. If test is not given, constituent is used as the default test. `{constituent, alphacharp, digitcharp, lowercasep, uppercasep, charp, characterp, alphanumericp}` is the set of test functions. (The Lisp-version of `tokens` is written by Paul Graham. ANSI Common Lisp, 1996, page 67.)

  Examples:

      (%i1) tokens("24 October 2005");
      (%o1)                  [24, October, 2005]
      (%i2) tokens("05-10-24",'digitcharp);
      (%o2)                     [05, 10, 24]
      (%i3) map(parse_string,%);
      (%o3)                      [5, 10, 24]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

### 86.5 Octets and Utilities for Cryptography

Function: base64 (arg)

  Returns the base64-representation of arg as a string. The argument arg may be a string, a non-negative integer or a list of octets.

  Examples:

      (%i1) base64: base64("foo bar baz");
      (%o1)                          Zm9vIGJhciBiYXo=
      (%i2) string: base64_decode(base64);
      (%o2)                            foo bar baz
      (%i3) obase: 16.$
      (%i4) integer: base64_decode(base64, 'number);
      (%o4)                       666f6f206261722062617a
      (%i5) octets: base64_decode(base64, 'list);
      (%o5)            [66, 6F, 6F, 20, 62, 61, 72, 20, 62, 61, 7A]
      (%i6) ibase: 16.$
      (%i7) base64(octets);
      (%o7)                          Zm9vIGJhciBiYXo=

  Note that if arg contains umlauts (resp. octets larger than 127) the resulting base64-string is platform dependend. However the decoded string will be equal to the original.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: base64_decode
`base64_decode` (base64-string)
`base64_decode` (base64-string, return-type)

  By default `base64_decode` decodes the base64-string back to the original string.

  The optional argument return-type allows `base64_decode` to alternatively return the corresponding number or list of octets. return-type may be `string`, `number` or `list`.

  Example: See base64.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: crc24sum
`crc24sum` (octets)
`crc24sum` (octets, return-type)

  By default `crc24sum` returns the `CRC24` checksum of an octet-list as a string.

  The optional argument return-type allows `crc24sum` to alternatively return the corresponding number or list of octets. return-type may be `string`, `number` or `list`.

  Example:

      -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
      Version: GnuPG v2.0.22 (GNU/Linux)

      iQEcBAEBAgAGBQJVdCTzAAoJEG/1Mgf2DWAqCSYH/AhVFwhu1D89C3/QFcgVvZTM
      wnOYzBUURJAL/cT+IngkLEpp3hEbREcugWp+Tm6aw3R4CdJ7G3FLxExBH/5KnDHi
      rBQu+I7+3ySK2hpryQ6Wx5J9uZSa4YmfsNteR8up0zGkaulJeWkS4pjiRM+auWVe
      vajlKZCIK52P080DG7Q2dpshh4fgTeNwqCuCiBhQ73t8g1IaLdhDN6EzJVjGIzam
      /spqT/sTo6sw8yDOJjvU+Qvn6/mSMjC/YxjhRMaQt9EMrR1AZ4ukBF5uG1S7mXOH
      WdiwkSPZ3gnIBhM9SuC076gLWZUNs6NqTeE3UzMjDAFhH3jYk1T7mysCvdtIkms=
      =WmeC
      -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

      (%i1) ibase : obase : 16.$
      (%i2) sig64 : sconcat(
       "iQEcBAEBAgAGBQJVdCTzAAoJEG/1Mgf2DWAqCSYH/AhVFwhu1D89C3/QFcgVvZTM",
       "wnOYzBUURJAL/cT+IngkLEpp3hEbREcugWp+Tm6aw3R4CdJ7G3FLxExBH/5KnDHi",
       "rBQu+I7+3ySK2hpryQ6Wx5J9uZSa4YmfsNteR8up0zGkaulJeWkS4pjiRM+auWVe",
       "vajlKZCIK52P080DG7Q2dpshh4fgTeNwqCuCiBhQ73t8g1IaLdhDN6EzJVjGIzam",
       "/spqT/sTo6sw8yDOJjvU+Qvn6/mSMjC/YxjhRMaQt9EMrR1AZ4ukBF5uG1S7mXOH",
       "WdiwkSPZ3gnIBhM9SuC076gLWZUNs6NqTeE3UzMjDAFhH3jYk1T7mysCvdtIkms=" )$
      (%i3) octets: base64_decode(sig64, 'list)$
      (%i4) crc24: crc24sum(octets, 'list);
      (%o4)                          [5A, 67, 82]
      (%i5) base64(crc24);
      (%o5)                              WmeC

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: md5sum
`md5sum` (arg)
`md5sum` (arg, return-type)

  Returns the `MD5` checksum of a string, a non-negative integer or a list of octets. The default return value is a string containing 32 hex characters.

  The optional argument return-type allows `md5sum` to alternatively return the corresponding number or list of octets. return-type may be `string`, `number` or `list`.

  Examples:

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$
      (%i2) msg: "foo bar baz"$
      (%i3) string: md5sum(msg);
      (%o3)                  ab07acbb1e496801937adfa772424bf7
      (%i4) integer: md5sum(msg, 'number);
      (%o4)                 0ab07acbb1e496801937adfa772424bf7
      (%i5) octets: md5sum(msg, 'list);
      (%o5)        [0AB,7,0AC,0BB,1E,49,68,1,93,7A,0DF,0A7,72,42,4B,0F7]
      (%i6) sdowncase( printf(false, "~{~2,'0x~^:~}", octets) );
      (%o6)           ab:07:ac:bb:1e:49:68:01:93:7a:df:a7:72:42:4b:f7

  Note that in case arg contains German umlauts or other non-ASCII characters (resp. octets larger than 127) the `MD5` checksum is platform dependend.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: mgf1_sha1
`mgf1_sha1` (seed, len)
`mgf1_sha1` (seed, len, return-type)

  Returns a pseudo random number of variable length. By default the returned value is a number with a length of len octets.

  The optional argument return-type allows `mgf1_sha1` to alternatively return the corresponding list of len octets. return-type may be `number` or `list`.

  The computation of the returned value is described in `RFC 3447`, appendix `B.2.1 MGF1`. `SHA1` ist used as hash function, i.e. the randomness of the computed number relies on the randomness of `SHA1` hashes.

  Example:

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$
      (%i2) number: mgf1_sha1(4711., 8);
      (%o2)                        0e0252e5a2a42fea1
      (%i3) octets: mgf1_sha1(4711., 8, 'list);
      (%o3)                  [0E0,25,2E,5A,2A,42,0FE,0A1]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: number_to_octets (number)

  Returns an octet-representation of number as a list of octets. The number must be a non-negative integer.

  Example:

      (%i1) ibase : obase : 16.$
      (%i2) octets: [0ca,0fe,0ba,0be]$
      (%i3) number: octets_to_number(octets);
      (%o3)                            0cafebabe
      (%i4) number_to_octets(number);
      (%o4)                      [0CA, 0FE, 0BA, 0BE]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: octets_to_number (octets)

  Returns a number by concatenating the octets in the list of octets.

  Example: See number_to_octets.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: octets_to_oid (octets)

  Computes an object identifier (OID) from the list of octets.

  Example: RSA encryption OID

      (%i1) ibase : obase : 16.$
      (%i2) oid: octets_to_oid([2A,86,48,86,0F7,0D,1,1,1]);
      (%o2)                      1.2.840.113549.1.1.1
      (%i3) oid_to_octets(oid);
      (%o3)               [2A, 86, 48, 86, 0F7, 0D, 1, 1, 1]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: octets_to_string
`octets_to_string` (octets)
`octets_to_string` (octets, encoding)

  Decodes the list of octets into a string according to current system defaults. When decoding octets corresponding to Non-US-ASCII characters the result depends on the platform, application and underlying Lisp.

  Example: Using system defaults (Maxima compiled with GCL, which uses no format definition and simply passes through the UTF-8-octets encoded by the GNU/Linux terminal).

      (%i1) octets: string_to_octets("abc");
      (%o1)                            [61, 62, 63]
      (%i2) octets_to_string(octets);
      (%o2)                                 abc
      (%i3) ibase: obase: 16.$
      (%i4) unicode(20AC);
      (%o4)                                  €
      (%i5) octets: string_to_octets(%);
      (%o5)                           [0E2, 82, 0AC]
      (%i6) octets_to_string(octets);
      (%o6)                                  €
      (%i7) utf8_to_unicode(octets);
      (%o7)                                20AC

  In case the external format of the Lisp reader is equal to UTF-8 the optional argument encoding allows to set the encoding for the octet to string conversion. If necessary see adjust_external_format for changing the external format.

  Some names of supported encodings (see corresponding Lisp manual for more):
  CCL, CLISP, SBCL: `utf-8, ucs-2be, ucs-4be, iso-8859-1, cp1252, cp850`
  CMUCL: `utf-8, utf-16-be, utf-32-be, iso8859-1, cp1252`
  ECL: `utf-8, ucs-2be, ucs-4be, iso-8859-1, windows-cp1252, dos-cp850`

  Example (continued): Using the optional encoding argument (Maxima compiled with SBCL, GNU/Linux terminal).

      (%i8) string_to_octets("€", "ucs-2be");
      (%o8)                              [20, 0AC]

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: oid_to_octets (oid-string)

  Convertes an object identifier (OID) to a list of octets.

  Example: See octets_to_oid.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sha1sum
`sha1sum` (arg)
`sha1sum` (arg, return-type)

  Returns the `SHA1` fingerprint of a string, a non-negative integer or a list of octets. The default return value is a string containing 40 hex characters.

  The optional argument return-type allows `sha1sum` to alternatively return the corresponding number or list of octets. return-type may be `string`, `number` or `list`.

  Example:

      (%i1) ibase: obase: 16.$
      (%i2) msg: "foo bar baz"$
      (%i3) string: sha1sum(msg);
      (%o3)              c7567e8b39e2428e38bf9c9226ac68de4c67dc39
      (%i4) integer: sha1sum(msg, 'number);
      (%o4)             0c7567e8b39e2428e38bf9c9226ac68de4c67dc39
      (%i5) octets: sha1sum(msg, 'list);
      (%o5)  [0C7,56,7E,8B,39,0E2,42,8E,38,0BF,9C,92,26,0AC,68,0DE,4C,67,0DC,39]
      (%i6) sdowncase( printf(false, "~{~2,'0x~^:~}", octets) );
      (%o6)     c7:56:7e:8b:39:e2:42:8e:38:bf:9c:92:26:ac:68:de:4c:67:dc:39

  Note that in case arg contains German umlauts or other non-ASCII characters (resp. octets larger than 127) the `SHA1` fingerprint is platform dependend.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: sha256sum
`sha256sum` (arg)
`sha256sum` (arg, return-type)

  Returns the `SHA256` fingerprint of a string, a non-negative integer or a list of octets. The default return value is a string containing 64 hex characters.

  The optional argument return-type allows `sha256sum` to alternatively return the corresponding number or list of octets (see sha1sum).

  Example:

      (%i1) string: sha256sum("foo bar baz");
      (%o1)  dbd318c1c462aee872f41109a4dfd3048871a03dedd0fe0e757ced57dad6f2d7

  Note that in case arg contains German umlauts or other non-ASCII characters (resp. octets larger than 127) the `SHA256` fingerprint is platform dependend.

  ·

  Categories: Package stringproc

Function: string_to_octets
`string_to_octets` (string)
`string_to_octets` (string, encoding)

  Encodes a string into a list of octets according to current system defaults. When encoding strings containing Non-US-ASCII characters the result depends on the platform, application and underlying Lisp.

  In case the external format of the Lisp reader is equal to UTF-8 the optional argument encoding allows to set the encoding for the string to octet conversion. If necessary see adjust_external_format for changing the external format.

  See octets_to_string for examples and some more information.

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  Categories: Package stringproc