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# Revsets

Jujutsu supports a functional language for selecting a set of revisions. Expressions in this language are called "revsets" (the idea comes from Mercurial). The language consists of symbols, operators, and functions.

Most `jj` commands accept a revset (or multiple). Many commands, such as `jj edit <revset>` expect the revset to resolve to a single commit; it is an error to pass a revset that resolves to more than one commit (or zero commits) to such commands.

The words "revisions" and "commits" are used interchangeably in this document.

## Hidden revisions

Most revsets search only the visible commits. Other commits are only included if you explicitly mention them (e.g. by commit ID, `<name>@<remote>` symbol, or `at_operation()` function).

If hidden commits are specified, their ancestors also become available to the search space. They are included in `all()`, `x..`, `~x`, etc., but not in `..visible_heads()`, etc. For example, `hidden_id | all()` is equivalent to `hidden_id | ::(hidden_id | visible_heads())`.

## Symbols

The `@` expression refers to the working copy commit in the current workspace. Use `<workspace name>@` to refer to the working-copy commit in another workspace. Use `<name>@<remote>` to refer to a remote-tracking tag/bookmark.

A full commit ID refers to a single commit. A unique prefix of the full commit ID can also be used. It is an error to use a non-unique prefix.

A full change ID refers to a visible commit with that change ID. A unique prefix of the full change ID can also be used. It is an error to use a non-unique prefix or a divergent change ID. To refer to a hidden commit or divergent change, a change offset can be added using `<change ID>/<offset>` syntax.

Use single or double quotes to prevent a symbol from being interpreted as an expression. For example, `"x-"` is the symbol `x-`, not the parents of symbol `x`. Taking shell quoting into account, you may need to use something like `jj log -r '"x-"'`.

### Priority

Jujutsu attempts to resolve a symbol in the following order:

1. Tag name
2. Bookmark name
3. Git ref
4. Commit ID or change ID

To override the priority, use the appropriate revset function. For example, to resolve `abc` as a commit ID even if there happens to be a bookmark by the same name, use `commit_id(abc)`. This is particularly useful in scripts.

## Operators

The following operators are supported. `x` and `y` below can be any revset, not only symbols.

Operators are listed in order of binding power from strongest to weakest, e.g. `x | y & z` is interpreted as `x | (y & z)` since `&` has stronger binding power than `|`. Infix operators of the same binding power are parsed from left to right, e.g. `x ~ y & z` is interpreted as `(x ~ y) & z` rather than `x ~ (y & z)`.

As seen above, parentheses can be used to control evaluation order, e.g. `(x & y) | z` or `x & (y | z)`.

1. - `f(x)`: Function call.
2. - `x-`: Parents of `x`, can be empty.
   - `x+`: Children of `x`, can be empty.
3. - `p:x`: String/date pattern or pattern alias named `p`.
4. - `x::`: Descendants of `x`, including the commits in `x` itself. Equivalent to `x::visible_heads()` if no hidden revisions are mentioned.
   - `x..`: Revisions that are not ancestors of `x`. Equivalent to `~::x`, and `x..visible_heads()` if no hidden revisions are mentioned.
   - `::x`: Ancestors of `x`, including the commits in `x` itself. Shorthand for `root()::x`.
   - `..x`: Ancestors of `x`, including the commits in `x` itself, but excluding the root commit. Shorthand for `root()..x`. Equivalent to `::x ~ root()`.
   - `x::y`: Descendants of `x` that are also ancestors of `y`. Equivalent to `x:: & ::y`. This is what `git log` calls `--ancestry-path x..y`.
   - `x..y`: Ancestors of `y` that are not also ancestors of `x`. Equivalent to `::y ~ ::x`. This is what `git log` calls `x..y` (i.e. the same as we call it). Note that this is not a "path" between `x` and `y` in the commit graph—`x` and `y` do not need to be related by ancestry.
   - `::`: All visible commits in the repo. Equivalent to `all()`, and `root()::visible_heads()` if no hidden revisions are mentioned.
   - `..`: All visible commits in the repo, but excluding the root commit. Equivalent to `~root()`, and `root()..visible_heads()` if no hidden revisions are mentioned.
5. - `~x`: Revisions that are not in `x`.
6. - `x & y`: Revisions that are in both `x` and `y`.
   - `x ~ y`: Revisions that are in `x` but not in `y`.
7. - `x | y`: Revisions that are in either `x` or `y` (or both).

Note: The `..` operator does not distribute over union (`|`) on its left side. For example, `(A | B)..` is not equivalent to `A.. | B..`. The expression `(A | B)..` means "commits that are not ancestors of A and not ancestors of B", while `A.. | B..` means "commits that are not ancestors of A or not ancestors of B". In fact, `(A | B).. = A.. & B..`. See the examples *below for concrete illustrations.

Examples

Given this history:

    D
    |\
    B C
    |/
    A
    |
    root()

Operator `x-`

- `D-` ⇒ `{C,B}`
- `B-` ⇒ `{A}`
- `A-` ⇒ `{root()}`
- `root()-` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `none()-` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `(D|A)-` ⇒ `{C,B,root()}`
- `(C|B)-` ⇒ `{A}`

Operator `x+`

- `D+` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `B+` ⇒ `{D}`
- `A+` ⇒ `{B,C}`
- `root()+` ⇒ `{A}`
- `none()+` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `(C|B)+` ⇒ `{D}`
- `(B|root())+` ⇒ `{D,A}`

Operator `x::`

- `D::` ⇒ `{D}`
- `B::` ⇒ `{D,B}`
- `A::` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `root()::` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A,root()}`
- `none()::` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `(C|B)::` ⇒ `{D,C,B}`

Operator `x..`

- `D..` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `B..` ⇒ `{D,C}` (note that, unlike `B::`, this includes `C`)
- `A..` ⇒ `{D,C,B}`
- `root()..` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `none()..` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A,root()}`
- `(C|B)..` ⇒ `{D}`

Operator `::x`

- `::D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A,root()}`
- `::B` ⇒ `{B,A,root()}`
- `::A` ⇒ `{A,root()}`
- `::root()` ⇒ `{root()}`
- `::none()` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `::(C|B)` ⇒ `{C,B,A,root()}`

Operator `..x`

- `..D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `..B` ⇒ `{B,A}`
- `..A` ⇒ `{A}`
- `..root()` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `..none()` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `..(C|B)` ⇒ `{C,B,A}`

Operator `x::y`

- `D::D` ⇒ `{D}`
- `B::D` ⇒ `{D,B}` (note that, unlike `B..D`, this includes `B` and excludes `C`)
- `B::C` ⇒ `{}` (empty set) (note that, unlike `B..C`, this excludes `C`)
- `A::D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `root()::D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A,root()}`
- `none()::D` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `D::B` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `(C|B)::(C|B)` ⇒ `{C,B}`

Operator `x..y`

- `D..D` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `B..D` ⇒ `{D,C}` (note that, unlike `B::D`, this includes `C` and excludes `B`)
- `B..C` ⇒ `{C}` (note that, unlike `B::C`, this includes `C`)
- `A..D` ⇒ `{D,C,B}`
- `root()..D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `none()..D` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A,root()}`
- `D..B` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)
- `(C|B)..(C|B)` ⇒ `{}` (empty set)

Non-distributivity of `..` over union (left side)

Using the same graph, observe that `(C|B)..` ⇒ `{D}`, but:

- `C..` ⇒ `{D,B}`
- `B..` ⇒ `{D,C}`
- `C.. | B..` ⇒ `{D,C,B}`
- `C.. & B..` ⇒ `{D}`

So `(C|B)..` ≠ `C.. | B..`, but `(C|B).. = C.. & B..`. The `..` operator converts union to intersection on its left side.

## Functions

You can also specify revisions by using functions. Some functions take other revsets (expressions) as arguments.

Function argument syntax

In this documentation, optional arguments are indicated with square brackets like `[arg]`. Some arguments also have an optional label which can be used to specify that argument without specifying all previous arguments.

For instance, `remote_bookmarks([name_pattern], [[remote=]remote_pattern])` indicates that all of the following usages are valid:

- `remote_bookmarks()`
- `remote_bookmarks("main")`
- `remote_bookmarks("main", "origin")`
- `remote_bookmarks("main", remote="origin")`
- `remote_bookmarks(remote="origin")`

- `parents(x, [depth])`: `parents(x)` is the same as `x-`. `parents(x, depth)` returns the parents of `x` at the given `depth`. For instance, `parents(x, 3)` is equivalent to `x---`.

- `children(x, [depth])`: `children(x)` is the same as `x+`. `children(x, depth)` returns the children of `x` at the given `depth`. For instance, `children(x, 3)` is equivalent to `x+++`.

- `ancestors(x, [depth])`: `ancestors(x)` is the same as `::x`. `ancestors(x, depth)` returns the ancestors of `x` limited to the given `depth`.

- `descendants(x, [depth])`: `descendants(x)` is the same as `x::`. `descendants(x, depth)` returns the descendants of `x` limited to the given `depth`.

- `first_parent(x, [depth])`: `first_parent(x)` is similar to `parents(x)`, but for merges, it only returns the first parent instead of returning all parents. The `depth` argument also works similarly, so `first_parent(x, 2)` is equivalent to `first_parent(first_parent(x))`.

- `first_ancestors(x, [depth])`: Similar to `ancestors(x, [depth])`, but only traverses the first parent of each commit. In Git, the first parent of a merge commit is conventionally the branch into which changes are being merged, so `first_ancestors()` can be used to exclude changes made on other branches.

- `reachable(srcs, domain)`: All commits reachable from `srcs` within `domain`, traversing all parent and child edges. `srcs` outside `domain` are not considered even if a parent or child edge would reach into `domain`.

  This is useful for finding all related commits in a branch or feature without traversing outside a defined scope. For example, `reachable(@, mutable())` returns the stack of commits you are working on.

- `connected(x)`: Same as `x::x`. Useful when `x` includes several commits.

- `all()`: All visible commits and ancestors of commits explicitly mentioned.

- `none()`: No commits. This function is rarely useful; it is provided for completeness.

- `change_id(prefix)`: Commits with the given change ID prefix. If the specified change is divergent, this resolves to multiple commits. It is an error to use a non-unique prefix. Unmatched prefix isn't an error.

- `commit_id(prefix)`: Commits with the given commit ID prefix. It is an error to use a non-unique prefix. Unmatched prefix isn't an error.

- `bookmarks([pattern])`: All local bookmark targets. If `pattern` is specified, this selects the bookmarks whose name match the given string pattern. For example, `bookmarks(*push*)` would match the bookmarks `push-123` and `repushed` but not the bookmark `main`. If a bookmark is in a conflicted state, all its possible targets are included.

- `remote_bookmarks([name_pattern], [[remote=]remote_pattern])`: All remote bookmarks targets across all remotes. If just the `name_pattern` is specified, the bookmarks whose names match the given string pattern across all remotes are selected. If both `name_pattern` and `remote_pattern` are specified, the selection is further restricted to just the remotes whose names match `remote_pattern`.

  For example, `remote_bookmarks(*push*, *ri*)` would match the bookmarks `push-123@origin` and `repushed@private` but not `push-123@upstream` or `main@origin` or `main@upstream`. If a bookmark is in a conflicted state, all its possible targets are included.

  Git-tracking bookmarks are excluded by default. Use `remote="git"` or `remote="*"` to select bookmarks including `@git` ones.

- `tracked_remote_bookmarks([name_pattern], [[remote=]remote_pattern])`: All targets of tracked remote bookmarks. Supports the same optional arguments as `remote_bookmarks()`.

- `untracked_remote_bookmarks([name_pattern], [[remote=]remote_pattern])`: All targets of untracked remote bookmarks. Supports the same optional arguments as `remote_bookmarks()`.

- `tags([pattern])`: All tag targets. If `pattern` is specified, this selects the tags whose name match the given string pattern. For example, `tags(*v1*)` would match the tags `v123` and `rev1` but not the tag `v2`. If a tag is in a conflicted state, all its possible targets are included.

- `remote_tags([name_pattern], [[remote=]remote_pattern])`: All remote tags targets across all remotes. See `remote_bookmarks()` for arguments.

- `visible_heads()`: All visible heads (same as `heads(all())` if no hidden revisions are mentioned).

- `root()`: The virtual commit that is the oldest ancestor of all other commits.

- `heads(x)`: Commits in `x` that are not ancestors of other commits in `x`. Equivalent to `x ~ ::x-`. Note that this is different from Mercurial's `heads(x)` function, which is equivalent to `x ~ x-`.

- `roots(x)`: Commits in `x` that are not descendants of other commits in `x`. Equivalent to `x ~ x+::`. Note that this is different from Mercurial's `roots(x)` function, which is equivalent to `x ~ x+`.

- `latest(x, [count])`: Latest `count` commits in `x`, based on committer timestamp. The default `count` is 1.

- `fork_point(x)`: The fork point of all commits in `x`. The fork point is the common ancestor(s) of all commits in `x` which do not have any descendants that are also common ancestors of all commits in `x`. It is equivalent to the revset `heads(::x_1 & ::x_2 & ... & ::x_N)`, where `x_{1..N}` are commits in `x`. If `x` resolves to a single commit, `fork_point(x)` resolves to `x`.

- `bisect(x)`: Finds commits in the input set for which about half of the input set are descendants. The current implementation deals somewhat poorly with non-linear history.

- `exactly(x, count)`: Evaluates `x`, and errors if it is not of exactly size `count`. Otherwise, returns `x`. This is useful in particular with `count=1` when you want to ensure that some revset expression has exactly one target.

- `merges()`: Merge commits.

- `description(pattern)`: Commits that have a description matching the given string pattern.

  A non-empty description is usually terminated with newline character. For example, `description("")` matches commits without description, and `description("foo\n")` matches commits with description `"foo\n"`.

- `subject(pattern)`: Commits that have a subject matching the given string pattern. A subject is the first line of the description (without newline character.)

- `author(pattern)`: Commits with the author's name or email matching the given string pattern. Equivalent to `author_name(pattern) | author_email(pattern)`.

- `author_name(pattern)`: Commits with the author's name matching the given string pattern.

- `author_email(pattern)`: Commits with the author's email matching the given string pattern.

- `author_date(pattern)`: Commits with author dates matching the specified date pattern.

- `mine()`: Commits where the author's email matches the email of the current user. Equivalent to `author_email(exact-i:<user-email>)`

- `committer(pattern)`: Commits with the committer's name or email matching the given string pattern. Equivalent to `committer_name(pattern) | committer_email(pattern)`.

- `committer_name(pattern)`: Commits with the committer's name matching the given string pattern.

- `committer_email(pattern)`: Commits with the committer's email matching the given string pattern.

- `committer_date(pattern)`: Commits with committer dates matching the specified date pattern.

- `signed()`: Commits that are cryptographically signed.

- `empty()`: Commits modifying no files. This also includes `merges()` without user modifications and `root()`.

- `files(expression)`: Commits modifying paths matching the given fileset expression.

  Paths are relative to the directory `jj` was invoked from. A directory name will match all files in that directory and its subdirectories.

  For example, `files(foo)` will match files `foo`, `foo/bar`, `foo/bar/baz`. It will not match `foobar` or `bar/foo`.

  Some file patterns might need quoting because the `expression` must also be parsable as a revset. For example, `.` has to be quoted in `files(".")`.

- `diff_lines(text, [files])`: Commits containing diffs matching the given `text` pattern line by line.

  The search paths can be narrowed by the `files` expression. All modified files are scanned by default, but it is likely to change in future version to respect the command line path arguments.

  For example, `diff_lines("*TODO*", "src")` will search revisions where "TODO" is added to or removed from files under "src".

- `conflicts()`: Commits that have files in a conflicted state.

- `divergent()`: Commits that are divergent.

- `present(x)`: Same as `x`, but evaluated to `none()` if any of the commits in `x` doesn't exist (e.g. is an unknown bookmark name.)

- `coalesce(revsets...)`: Commits in the first revset in the list of `revsets` which does not evaluate to `none()`. If all revsets evaluate to `none()`, then the result of `coalesce` will also be `none()`.

- `working_copies()`: The working copy commits across all the workspaces.

- `at_operation(op, x)`: Evaluates `x` at the specified operation. For example, `at_operation(@-, visible_heads())` will return all heads which were visible at the previous operation.

  Since `at_operation(op, x)` brings all commits that were visible at the operation to the search space, `at_operation(op, x) | all()` is equivalent to `at_operation(op, x) | ::(at_operation(op, x | visible_heads()) | visible_heads())`.

Examples

Given this history:

    E
    | D
    |/|
    B C
    |/
    A
    |
    root()

function `reachable()`

`reachable(srcs, domain)` finds all commits reachable from `srcs` by following parent or child edges, but limited to commits within `domain`.

- `reachable(E, A..)` ⇒ `{E,D,C,B}` — All commits after A are reachable
- `reachable(E, B..)` ⇒ `{E}` — E is isolated: its only edge (to B) leaves the domain
- `reachable(C, B..)` ⇒ `{D,C}` — C and D are connected; the C→A edge leaves the domain
- `reachable(D, B..)` ⇒ `{D,C}` — Same result: D reaches C, but D→B leaves the domain
- `reachable(A, A..)` ⇒ `{}` (empty set) — A is not in domain `A..`, so it's ignored

function `connected()`

- `connected(E|A)` ⇒ `{E,B,A}`
- `connected(D|A)` ⇒ `{D,C,B,A}`
- `connected(A)` ⇒ `{A}`

function `heads()`

- `heads(E|D)` ⇒ `{E,D}`
- `heads(E|C)` ⇒ `{E,C}`
- `heads(E|B)` ⇒ `{E}`
- `heads(E|A)` ⇒ `{E}`
- `heads(A)` ⇒ `{A}`

function `roots()`

- `roots(E|D)` ⇒ `{E,D}`
- `roots(E|C)` ⇒ `{E,C}`
- `roots(E|B)` ⇒ `{B}`
- `roots(E|A)` ⇒ `{A}`
- `roots(A)` ⇒ `{A}`

function `fork_point()`

- `fork_point(E|D)` ⇒ `{B}`
- `fork_point(E|C)` ⇒ `{A}`
- `fork_point(E|B)` ⇒ `{B}`
- `fork_point(E|A)` ⇒ `{A}`
- `fork_point(D|C)` ⇒ `{C}`
- `fork_point(D|B)` ⇒ `{B}`
- `fork_point(B|C)` ⇒ `{A}`
- `fork_point(A)` ⇒ `{A}`
- `fork_point(none())` ⇒ `{}`

## String patterns

Functions that perform string matching support the following pattern syntax (the quotes are optional).

By default, `"string"` is parsed as a `glob:` pattern.

- `exact:"string"`: Matches strings exactly equal to `string`.
- `glob:"pattern"`: Matches strings with Unix-style shell wildcard `pattern`.
- `regex:"pattern"`: Matches substrings with regular expression `pattern`.
- `substring:"string"`: Matches strings that contain `string`.

You can append `-i` after the kind to match case‐insensitively (e.g. `glob-i:"fix*jpeg*"`).

String patterns can be combined by using logical operators (e.g. `bookmarks(~glob:"ci/*")`):

- `~x`: Matches everything but `x`.
- `x & y`: Matches both `x` and `y`.
- `x ~ y`: Matches `x` but not `y`.
- `x | y`: Matches either `x` or `y` (or both).

## Date patterns

Functions that perform date matching support the following pattern syntax:

- `after:"string"`: Matches dates exactly at or after the given date.
- `before:"string"`: Matches dates before, but not including, the given date.

Date strings can be specified in several forms, including:

- 2024-02-01
- 2024-02-01T12:00:00
- 2024-02-01T12:00:00-08:00
- 2024-02-01 12:00:00
- 2 days ago
- 5 minutes ago
- yesterday
- yesterday 5pm
- yesterday 10:30
- yesterday 15:30

## Aliases

New symbols, functions, and `<name>:<value>` patterns can be defined in the config file, by using any combination of the predefined symbols/functions and other aliases.

Alias functions can be overloaded by the number of parameters. However, builtin function will be shadowed by name, and can't co-exist with aliases.

For example:

    [revset-aliases]
    'HEAD' = '@-'
    'user()' = 'user("me@example.org")'
    'user(x)' = 'author(x) | committer(x)'
    'grep:x' = 'description(regex:x)'

### Built-in Aliases

The following aliases are built-in and used for certain operations. These functions are defined as aliases in order to allow you to overwrite them as needed. See revsets.toml for a comprehensive list.

- `trunk()`: Resolves to the head commit for the default bookmark of the default remote, or the remote named `upstream` or `origin`. This is set at the repository level upon initialization of a Jujutsu repository.

  If the default bookmark cannot be resolved during initialization, the default global configuration tries the bookmarks `main`, `master`, and `trunk` on the `upstream` and `origin` remotes. If more than one potential trunk commit exists, the newest one is chosen. If none of the bookmarks exist, the revset evaluates to `root()`.

  You can override this as appropriate. If you do, make sure it always resolves to exactly one commit. For example:

      [revset-aliases]
      'trunk()' = 'your-bookmark@your-remote'

- `builtin_immutable_heads()`: Resolves to `trunk() | tags() | untracked_remote_bookmarks()`. It is used as the default definition for `immutable_heads()` below. It is not recommended to redefine this alias. Prefer to redefine `immutable_heads()` instead.

- `immutable_heads()`: The heads of the set of immutable commits (not "heads that are immutable"). Resolves to `trunk() | tags() | untracked_remote_bookmarks()` by default. It is actually defined as `builtin_immutable_heads()`, and can be overridden as required. The full set of immutable commits is `::immutable_heads()` (i.e., `immutable()`). See here for details.

- `immutable()`: The set of commits that `jj` treats as immutable. This is equivalent to `::(immutable_heads() | root())`. It is not recommended to redefine this alias. Note that modifying this will not change whether a commit is immutable. To do that, edit `immutable_heads()`.

- `mutable()`: The set of commits that `jj` treats as mutable. This is equivalent to `~immutable()`. It is not recommended to redefine this alias. Note that modifying this will not change whether a commit is immutable. To do that, edit `immutable_heads()`.

- `visible()`: The set of visible commits. Resolves to `::visible_heads()`. This is equal to `all()` unless your revset includes hidden revisions.

- `hidden()`: The set of hidden commits. Resolves to `~visible()`. This is empty unless your revset includes hidden revisions. Note that this is not the set of all previously visible commits.

## Examples

Show the parent(s) of the working-copy commit (like `git log -1 HEAD`):

    jj log -r @-

Show all ancestors of the working copy (like plain `git log`)

    jj log -r ::@

Show commits not on any remote bookmark:

    jj log -r 'remote_bookmarks()..'

Show commits not on `origin` (if you have other remotes like `fork`):

    jj log -r 'remote_bookmarks(remote=origin)..'

Show the initial commits in the repo (the ones Git calls "root commits"):

    jj log -r 'root()+'

Show some important commits (like `git log --simplify-by-decoration`):

    jj log -r 'tags() | bookmarks()'

Show local commits leading up to the working copy, as well as descendants of those commits:

    jj log -r '(remote_bookmarks()..@)::'

Show commits authored by "martinvonz" and containing the word "reset" in the description:

    jj log -r 'author(*martinvonz*) & description(*reset*)'