Next Previous Contents

## 4. Installing the Software

The basic components of the LPRng system are the executables and the database files. This section deals with generating and installing the executable files.

## 4.1 Source Code and Support Programs

1. Obtain the latest version of the LPRng source code from a LPRng FTP Site.
2. Obtain the GNU Zip (compression) program from one of the many GNU Software Mirror Sites and install it. See the directions in the GNU Zip distribution for details.
3. Obtain the GNU Make program from one of the many GNU Software Mirror Sites. and install it. See the directions in the GNU Zip distribution for details. This program will be referred to as `gmake` in the installation instructions.
4. Obtain an ANSI C compiler. The GCC compiler (from the GNU Software Mirror Sites) is strongly recommended.
5. Solaris Sparc and X86 Binaries for GCC and Make can be obtained from http://smc.vnet.net/.

## 4.2 Configuration

The LPRng package consists of:

- `lpd` - the LPD print server program
- `lpr`, `lpq`, `lprm`, `lpstat`, and `lpc` - client programs for printing, status queries, job removal, and server configuration respectively.
- `printcap` print queue database file.
- `lpd.conf` LPRng configuration options.
- `lpd.perms` permission information.

By tradition, UNIX systems have installed printer utilities in in widely varied locations such as `/usr/lib`, `/usr/bin`, `/usr/libexec`, `/usr/ucb`, `/opt`, `/usr/sbin`, and `/usr/etc/`. This can lead to a great deal of confusion when installation LPRng. To simplify the installation, the `configure` program is used to specify the exact locations of programs. It does this by setting the following variables that are used during the installation process:

> `

>     Installation directory variables:
>       ${prefix}  (default /usr/local)
>       ${exec_prefix}  (default ${prefix})
>       ${bindir}  is usually ${exec_prefix}/bin, (/usr/local/bin)
>       ${sbindir} is usually ${exec_prefix}/sbin (/usr/local/sbin)
>       ${libexecdir} is usually ${exec_prefix}/libexec (/usr/local/libexec)
>       ${sysconfdir} is usually ${prefix}/etc (/usr/local/etc)
>       ${mandir} is usually ${prefix}/man     (/usr/local/man)

> `

These values are used as follows by the LPRng installation procedures (* indicates default SETUID root executable):

> `

>     Executables:
>       ${bindir}/   lpr *, lprm *, lpq *, lpstat *
>       ${sbindir}/  lpc *, checkpc, lpd *
>       ${libexecdir}/filters/ lpf, banner, etc
>     Configuration:
>       ${sysconfdir}/ lpd.conf, lpd.perms, printcap
>     Man Pages
>       ${mandir}/ man pages

> `

The `configure` program has options which allow us to override and specify the new values or exact locations for these files. For a complete list of configuration options, use the `configure --help` option. You can set explicit values for the `prefix` `bindir` `sbindir` `libexecdir` and `mandir` variables using the `--name=PATH` option. For example, `/configure --prefix=/usr` will set the `${prefix}` variable to `/usr`, and files will be installed in `/usr/bin`, `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/libexec/filter`, and `/etc`.

In addition to these general purpose options, the `configure` script has the following LPRng specific ones. These options allow extremely specific actions to be taken to control how and were the various files are copied and used.

`--disable-setuid`

  Install the executables without setuid ROOT permissions.

`--disable-strip`

  Do not strip the executables before installing.

`--enable-priv_ports.`

  Require connections to be made from a privileged port.

`--disable-force_localhost.`

  By default, the LPRng software is configured to expect to have a server running on the local host. This option will cause the location of the server to be obtained from the `lpd.conf` or `printcap` information.

`--with-lpddir=DIR.`

  lpd executable directory (default ${sbindir}).

`--with-filterdir=DIR.`

  Filter directory (default ${libexecdir}/filters).

`--with-lpd_conf_path=PATH.`

  Path of `lpd.conf` file.

`--with-lpd_perms_path=PATH`

  Path of `lpd.perms` file.

`--with-printcap_path=PATH`

  Path of `printcap` file.

## 4.3 Installation

Unpack, configure, compile, and install, and initialize the distribution using:

> `

>     gunzip -c LPRng-<version>.tgz | tar xvf -
>     cd LPRng-<version>
>     # see discussion above for configuration options
>     # This configuration uses the standard /etc/printcap file
>     ./configure --with-printcap_path=/etc/printcap
>                [with other options as required]
>     gmake clean all
>     su   # you must do the following commands as root
>     gmake install
>     # if  you have not installed LPRng before,
>     # install default lpd.perms and lpd.conf file in /etc
>     if [ ! -f /etc/lpd.perms ]; then
>         make default;
>     fi;
>     # update permissions,  create files needed for LPRng, check
>     # /etc/printcap file for problems.  Do as root:
>     ./src/checkpc -f

> `

## 4.4 Solving Installation Problems

The `configure` script will determine the type of system and establish a set of defaults for compilation and installation. The `LPRng/INSTALL` file contains detailed descriptions of the various configuration options and capabilities.

If you have problems compiling the package, you can try these things:

1. Compiler complains about missing files or has a large number of errors.
   Try `gcc` instead of your vendor's C compiler. This can be done either by setting the `CC` environment variable or using the `--with-cc` configure option.

   > `

   >     CC=gcc ./configure
   >        OR
   >     configure --with-cc=gcc

   > `

2. Missing libraries or include files.
   Usually this is caused when include files are in `/usr/local/include` and libraries are in `/usr/local/include` and these paths are not searched or used by the compiler. This can be fixed by setting the `CPPFLAGS` and `LDFLAGS` environment variables, or using the `--with-cppopts=` and `--with-ldopts=` configure options.

   > `

   >     CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/kerberosIV" \
   >       LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/lib/kerberosIV" \
   >       ./configure
   >        OR
   >     configure --with-cppopts="-I/usr/local/include -I/usr/include/kerberosIV" \
   >       --with-ldopts="-L/usr/local/lib -L/usr/lib/kerberosIV"

   > `

The `configure` and `make` steps must be run on the target host, especially if the target host has a different version of the operating system. This is extremely important for SunOS or Solaris, where there tend to be changes in the system's include files between versions as well as support libraries.

Read the notes for your OS in section System-dependent notes for specific installation help (if any).

## 4.5 Advanced Configuration Options

While the default LPRng configuration will be suitable for most individual users, administrators of large sites or which need to support lightweight print clients will need to use the following configure options.

1. `--disable-force_localhost`
   The default LPRng configuration assumes that all printing will be done via a `lpd` print spooler running on the local host system. However, many larger sites prefer that all users do their printing via a few central servers, and do not run `lpd` servers on user systems. The `--disable-force_localhost` configuration will simply this type of operation by eliminating the need for a `/etc/lpd.conf` file to override the `force_localhost` option.
2. `--disable-setuid`
   This option will install the LPRng executables without SETUID permissions. Non-setuid clients and programs are inherently more secure than SETUID programs, and system administrators would be well advised to install them without SETUID root permissions. Please see Advanced Security Considerations for more details about this option.
3. `--enable-priv_ports`
   This option will install a default `lpd.perms` file which disallows connections from non-privileged ports. In effect, this will require that on UNIX systems the originating user be root or the program be SETUID root. By default, LPRng will allow connections from any port. Please see Advanced Security Considerations for more details about this option.
4. `--disable-require_configfiles`
   By default, the `lpr`, `lpq`, `lpc`, ... clients will require a `lpd.conf` file and the `printcap` to be present. The `--disable-require_configfiles` option relaxes this requirement, and if the files are missing, will not complain.

## 4.6 Printcap and lpd.conf files

The `printcap` file contains the definitions of print queues and other information used by LPRng. The exact location of the file is determined by the `configure` options and defaults for your system. The default used by `configure` is `/usr/local/etc/printcap`, but it is more commonly found in `/etc/printcap`. If your system does not have an `printcap` file, then the following is suitable for initial testing and configuration:

> `

>     # test printcap file
>     lp:cm=Test Printcap Entry:
>      :lp=/dev/null
>      :sd=/usr/spool/lpd/lp

> `

The `lpd.conf` (default location is `/usr/local/etc/lpd.conf`) file contains settings that override the defaults provided at compile time. You will find a prototype or template `lpd.conf` file in the LPRng distribution. If you do not have an existing `lpd.conf` file, the default one will be installed. You can install this by hand using:

> `

>     astart > cd LPRng/src
>     astart > su
>     ASTART # cp lpd.conf /usr/local/etc/lpd.conf
>     ASTART # chmod 644 /usr/local/etc/lpd.conf

> `

The various client programs such as `lpr`, `lpq`, etc. will check for a `lpd.conf` and `printcap` file. You can relax this requirement by setting the `require_configfile` option false (`require_configfile@`) by using the configuration option `--disable-require_configfile`, by setting the `require_configfile` option in the `lpd.conf` file, or building the executables with `make REQUIRE_CONFIGILE="1"`.

## 4.7 Security, Permissions, and CHECKPC

By default, the `lpd` server is run as a ROOT (user 0) process. (This is true not only for LPRng, but also for all other system processes which are started at boot time.) However, normally LPRng will do operations as a non-privileged user and group which is defined by the value of the `user` (default `daemon`) and `group` (default `daemon`) option in the `/etc/lpd.conf` configuration file or the compile time defaults in the `LPRng/src/vars.c` file.

The following steps must be taken in order to preserve system security:

1. Create a user and group `daemon` on the system. This user does not need login privileges, but will need a home directory if secure authentication such as Kerberos or PGP will be done.
2. The `lpd.conf` file should be owned by root (user 0), and should have read-only (0444) permissions.
3. The `printcap` file should be owned by root (user 0), and should have read-only (0444) permissions.
4. The spool and working directories used by LPRng should be owned by user `daemon`, group `daemon`, and have 0700 permissions (accessible only by user `daemon`).

### Using CHECKPC

The `checkpc` program is used to make sure that the spool directories and files used by LPRng have the correct permissions and are in place. By default, `checkpc` will check permissions and report if there are any problems. You should run this as `root`. For example:

> `

>     % astart > su
>     #>cd LPRng/src
>     #>./checkpc
>     Warning - No configuration file '/usr/local/etc/lpd.conf'
>     Warning - No lpd only printcap file found in '/usr/local/lpd_printcap'
>     Warning -  ** cannot open '/var/run/lpd.printer' - 'Permission denied'
>     Warning -  bad directory - /var/spool/lpd/lp
>     Warning -   Printer_DYN 'lp' spool dir '/var/spool/lpd/lp' needs fixing

> `

In the above example, `checkpc` has discovered that the `lpd.conf` file is missing. This is not a serious problem if the system defaults are to be used, but you might want to put the default `LPRng/lpd.conf` file from the distribution in place.

The lpd only printcap message is usually of concern to administrators who wish to use some of LPRng's more exotic configuration options. It is possible to have separate printcap databases for client and server programs. This is useful when printcap files get extremely large and cuts down substantially on system management problems.

The permission denied message for `/var/run/lpd.printer` is more serious, as the `lpd` server uses this as a lock file.

The bad directory message about the spool directory is usually caused by bad permissions or when the directory is missing.

The `checkpc -f` option causes `checkpc` to take action to rectify errors. You can see what is happening if you run it with the `-V` (verbose) option:

> `

>     % astart > su
>     #>cd LPRng/src
>     # ./checkpc -f -V
>     LPRng version LPRng-3.6.1
>      DaemonUID 1, DaemonGID 12
>     Using Config file '/usr/local/etc/lpd.conf'
>     Checking for configuration files '/usr/local/etc/lpd.conf'
>     Warning - No configuration file found in '/usr/local/etc/lpd.conf'
>     Checking for printcap files '/usr/local/etc/printcap'
>       found '/usr/local/etc/printcap', mod 0100644
>     Checking for lpd only printcap files
>          '/usr/local/etc/lpd_printcap'
>     Warning - No lpd only printcap file found in
>          '/usr/local/etc/lpd_printcap'
>     LPD lockfile '/var/run/lpd.printer'
>       checking '/var/run/lpd.printer' file
>     Names
>      :lp=lp
>     All
>      :lp
>     Printcap Information
>     lp
>      :force_localhost
>      :lp=lw4@astart4.astart.com
>      :sd=/var/spool/lpd/lp
>     Checking printcap info
>     Checking printer 'lp'
>      Checking directory: '/var/spool/lpd/lp'
>       file 'control.lp', size 0 K, unchanged in 2 hours
>       file 'status.lp', size 0 K, unchanged in 2 hours
>       file 'status', size 0 K, unchanged in 2 hours
>       file 'log', size 0 K, unchanged in 2 hours
>       checking 'control.lp' file
>       checking 'status.lp' file
>       checking 'status' file
>       cleaning 'status' file, 0 bytes long: no truncation
>       checking 'log' file
>       cleaning 'log' file, 0 bytes long: no truncation

> `

As you can see, `checkpc` can not only print detailed information about your printing system, but it also fixes up the various problems.

### Advanced Security Concerns

While `checkpc` will set permissions, there is always the problem with undetected errors in the LPRng software that, when exploited, could cause severe system problems. The most serious concern is that of gaining root (user 0) permissions.

One way to avoid this is to run client programs without root permission. This operation is possible for LPRng in contrast to other print spooling software.

A serious concern when LPRng runs as a nonprivileged user (daemon) is the fact that the RFC protocol specifies that connections are made to port 515 and `lpd` requires root permissions to open and bind to port 515. One option is to have the `lpd` server drop root permissions soon after binding to this port and before accepting any user commands. However, in order to fully compatible with RFC1179, `lpd` must originate connections from a reserved port in the range 721-731, although in practice port 1-1023 seems to be acceptable.

If inter-operability with non-LPRng print spoolers is not desired, then it is trivial to configure LPRng using the `lpd.conf` file or by modifying the compile time `lpd_port` value in the file or the `LPRng/src/vars.c` so that all the software will run as client programs. For example, in the `/etc/lpd.conf` file, you only need to change the indicated lines:

> `

>     # Purpose: lpd port
>     #   default lpd_port=printer
>     lpd_port=2000

> `

Now all the LPRng software will use port 2000 to transfer jobs and commands. You can also use this facility to establish a private set of print spoolers which can be used for testing.

## 4.8 Stopping Existing Spooler Software

The next step is to shut down and remove the existing print spooler, and test the functionality of the LPRng `lpd` programs. Unfortunately, this process is fairly system dependent, and requires a small amount of system expertise. In addition to these general directions, you should see the System specific notes for your system.

### SunOS and BSD Derived

This section provides instructions for systems that use the `lpd` print services, such as SunOS, BSD derived systems, and Linux based systems. These systems use an `lpd` print server, as does LPRng.

We first kill the currently running `lpd` process. While there may be a system shutdown script in the `/etc/rc.d/` directory or other location for this, do not bother using it.

> `

>     # most BSD Systems
>     ps -auxw |grep lpd
>     # Kill it twice
>     kill (pid of lpd server)
>     #  This should report an error - if not then lpd did not terminate
>     kill (pid of lpd server)
>     #

>     Example:
>     astart % ps -axuw |grep lpd
>     papowell 23932  0.0  0.3  224  184  p3  S+  10:40AM  0:00.01 grep lpd
>     daemon  17763  0.0  0.2  448  120  ??  IWs  29Mar99  0:01.35 (lpd)
>     astart % kill 135
>     astart % kill 135
>     135: No such process

> `

Next, you should remove or rename the existing print system executables. The following example shows how to use the `find` utility to track down candidates.

> `

>     astart# find /usr -type f -name lp\*  -print >/tmp/candidates
>     astart# find /sbin -type f -name lp\*  -print >>/tmp/candidates
>     astart# cat /tmp/candidates
>     /usr/bin/lpunlock
>     /usr/bin/lpqall.faces
>     /usr/bin/lpq             <---- old
>     /usr/bin/lpr             <---- old
>     /usr/bin/lprm            <---- old
>     /usr/bin/lptest
>     /usr/doc/samba-1.9.18p10/examples/printer-accounting/lp-acct
>     /usr/man/man1/lpq.1
>     /usr/man/man1/lpr.1
>     /usr/man/man1/lprm.1
>     /usr/man/man1/lptest.1
>     /usr/man/man4/lp.4
>     /usr/man/man8/lpc.8
>     /usr/man/man8/lpd.8
>     /usr/sbin/lpc            <--- old
>     /usr/sbin/lpd            <--- old
>     /usr/sbin/lpf            <--- old
>     /usr/local/bin/lpc    <-- LPRng
>     /usr/local/bin/lpq    <-- LPRng
>     /usr/local/bin/lpr    <-- LPRng
>     /usr/local/bin/lprm   <-- LPRng
>     /usr/local/sbin/lpd   <-- LPRng
>     astart # mv /usr/bin/lpq  /usr/bin/lpq.old
>     astart # mv /usr/bin/lpr  /usr/bin/lpr.old
>     astart # mv /usr/bin/lprm /usr/bin/lprm.old
>     astart # mv /usr/sbin/lpc /usr/sbin/lpc.old
>     astart # mv /usr/sbin/lpd /usr/sbin/lpd.old
>     astart # mv /usr/sbin/lpf /usr/sbin/lpf.old
>     ...

> `

### Solaris, HP, AIX, and SysVR4 Derived Systems

The original SysVR4 and other related systems did not have any support for RFC1179 network printing (Berkeley LPD). Support for this was added by various manufacture specific methods. Unfortunately, there are a wide range of possibilities.

The `lpsched` process (`/usr/lib/lp/lpsched/`) process performs many of the functions of the LPRng and BSD `lpd` server. On Solaris systems, it also stats the `lpNet` server that provides network print services. Unfortunately, no simple and reliable method of shutting down a running `lpsched` process and the associated network services has been found. However, it turns out to be very simple to prevent the services from being started.

First, you will need to locate the `/etc/rc` startup files that start system services. During system startup, a set of shell scripts stored in the `/etc/rc.d` directories are executed. The individual startupfile files are usually links to a common one in the `/etc/init.d` directory. You first need to find the files containing the startup commands. This is done as shown below:

> `

>     SUN # cd /
>     SUN # grep -l lpsched /etc/rc* /etc/rc*/* init.d/* init.d/*/* >/tmp/files
>     SUN # cat /tmp/files
>     /etc/rc0.d/K20lp
>     /etc/rc2.d/K20lp
>     /etc/rc2.d/S80lp
>     /etc/init.d/lp
>     ># ls -l ` cat /tmp/files `
>     lrwxrwxr-x 1 root bin 1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc0.d/K20lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     lrwxrwxr-x 1 root bin 1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc2.d/K20lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     lrwxrwxr-x 1 root bin 1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc2.d/S80lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     -rwxr--r-- 5 root sys 460 Sep 1 1998 /etc/rcS.d/K39lp

> `

Here is the contents of the typical script file, with the indicated modifications that should be made for testing

> `

>     #!/sbin/sh

>     #### ADD THE FOLLOWING LINE TO EXIT EARLY
>     exit 0
>     #### THE REST IS THE USUAL SCRIPT
>     case "$1" in
>     'start')
>         [ -f /usr/lib/lpsched ] && /usr/lib/lpsched ;;
>     'stop' )
>         [ -f /usr/lib/lpshut ] && /usr/lib/lpshut ;;
>     *)
>         echo "Usage: $0 { start | stop }"
>         exit 1
>     esac
>     exit 0

> `

Next, as for the BSD installation, we will find all of the printing related commands and rename them. You can either rename them one by one, or use the script method shown below. The minimum of the indicated files should be renamed.

> `

>     SUN # find /usr -type f -name lp\* -print >/etc/printingfiles
>     SUN # cat /tmp/printingfiles
>     /usr/bin/lp          <---
>     /usr/bin/lpstat      <---
>     /usr/lib/lp/bin/lp.cat
>     /usr/lib/lp/bin/lp.set
>     /usr/lib/lp/bin/lp.tell
>     /usr/lib/lp/lpNet    <---
>     /usr/lib/lp/lpsched  <---
>     /usr/lib/lp/lpdata   <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpadmin    <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpfilter   <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpforms    <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpmove     <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpshut     <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpsystem   <---
>     /usr/sbin/lpusers    <---
>     /usr/ucb/lpc         <---
>     /usr/ucb/lpq         <---
>     /usr/ucb/lpr         <---
>     /usr/ucb/lprm        <---
>     /usr/ucb/lptest
>     SUN # for i in ` cat /tmp/printingfiles ` ; do
>     >  mv $i $i.old
>     >  done

> `

Next, you find if there is a cron job scheduled by the file `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/lp` to periodically update and roll over error logs. If there is, you should (after having saved the file) remove it.

> `

>     cp /var/spool/cron/crontabs/lp /etc/cron.crontabs.lp

> `

Check the `/etc/inetd.conf` file for a line like:

> `

>     printer stream tcp nowait root /usr/lib/print/in.lpd in.lpd

> `

Comment out this line. This line is not present on all systems.

Now we must reboot the machine. You can use `reboot` if you are in a rush, and `shutdown` if you are not.

> `

>     SUN # reboot
>     or
>     SUN # shutdown -y "Whooga! Whooga! Dive! Dive! System going down."

> `

When the system reboots, check to make sure that the `lpd` server is not listening on port 515.

> `

>     SUN # telnet localhost 515
>     Trying 127.0.0.1...
>     telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused

> `

If you do get a connection established then you must use `nlsadmin` to force the tcpip listener to release the port, as illustrated below.

> `

>     SUN # nlsadmin -v tcp
>     lpd  \x00020203000000000000000000000000  ENABLED  \
>       NORPC  root  NOMODULES  /var/spool/lp/fifos/listenBSD  #
>     0  \x00020ACE000000000000000000000000  ENABLED    \
>       NORPC  root  NOMODULES  /usr/lib/saf/nlps_server  #
>     lp  NOADDR  ENABLED  NORPC  root  NOMODULES \
>       /var/spool/lp/fifos/listenS5  #
>     SUN # nlsadmin -r lpd tcp
>     SUN # nlsadmin -r lp tcp

> `

Once you disable this, you should try to reconnect to port 515. If connection fails then you have a problem and need to reboot once more.

You might also want to run `pmadm -l` and if you see anything other than zsmon stuff (e.g. lp stuff is there), then use `pmadm -r` to remove it. See the man page for details.

## 4.9 Initial System Testing

We will now run the `lpd` executable in the `foreground` and `test` mode, and make sure that our system configuration is correct. It is best to do this with two screens or windows, as you will want to observe the output.

> `

>     # > /usr/local/bin/lpd -F
>     Fatal error - Another print spooler is using TCP printer port
>     # > /usr/local/bin/lpd -F -D1
>     ...
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.755 astart10 [28903] lpd  Read_file_and_split: \
>       cannot open file '/etc/lpd.perms' - No such file or directory
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.758 astart10 [28903] lpd  Read_file_and_split: \
>       cannot open file '/usr/etc/lpd.perms' - No such file or directory
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.759 astart10 [28903] lpd  Build_printcap_info: \
>       list->count 0, raw->count 3
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.777 astart10 [28903] lpd  lpd: listening socket fd -6
>     Fatal error - Another print spooler is using TCP printer port
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.782 astart10 [28903] lpd  Get_max_fd: getrlimit returns 64
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.783 astart10 [28903] lpd  Get_max_fd: returning 64
>     1999-04-05-10:02:37.786 astart10 [28903] lpd  cleanup: done, doing killpg \
>        then exit(0)

> `

If you get the above error message, then you have either not killed off other the running `lpd` server or you are not starting the `lpd` server as ROOT. This is the most common error during setup. Correct the problem and then restart the server if necessary. You should see the output indicated below:

> `

>     # > /usr/local/bin/lpd -F -D1
>     1999-04-05-14:35:14.023 astart27 [2667] Waiting  lpd: LOOP START
>     1999-04-05-14:35:14.024 astart27 [2667] Waiting  Get_max_servers: getrlimit returns 256
>     1999-04-05-14:35:14.024 astart27 [2667] Waiting  Get_max_servers: returning 128
>     1999-04-05-14:35:14.025 astart27 [2667] Waiting  lpd: max_servers 128, active 0
>     1999-04-05-14:35:14.025 astart27 [2667] Waiting  lpd: starting select timeout 'yes', 600 sec

> `

Now from another window do the following commands:

> `

>     # > lpq -Plp@localhost
>     Printer: lp@astart
>      Queue: no printable jobs in queue
>     # > lpq
>     Printer: lp@astart
>      Queue: no printable jobs in queue

> `

At this point your LPRng software has been installed and tested. You still need to set up Startup Scripts to automatically start it at boot time, and `/etc/printcap` entries for your printers.

## 4.10 Startup Scripts

The purpose of startup scripts is to automatically start the `lpd` print server at boot time. Again, the location and contents of these depend strongly on the version of the Operating System, and system vendor.

### SunOS and BSD Derived

In most of these systems the startup script for `lpd` is already present in the `/etc/rc` files and only has to be modified. It can be found by using:

> `

>     ASTART # grep -l lp /etc/rc* /etc/rc*/* /etc/rc*/*/*
>     /etc/rc
>     ASTART # more /etc/rc
>     ...
>     if [ -f /etc/printcap ]; then
>         echo -n ' printer';     /usr/sbin/lpd
>     fi

> `

Modify this file so that path is to the LPRng `lpd` file.

### Solaris, Linux, and SysVR4

These systems have individual startup files for each printing service. We need to update the startup files to reference the LPRng executables.

> `

>     SUN # grep -l lp /etc/rc* /etc/rc*/* init.d/* init.d/*/* >/tmp/files
>     SUN # cat /tmp/files
>     /etc/rc0.d/K20lp
>     /etc/rc2.d/K20lp
>     /etc/rc2.d/S80lp
>     /etc/init.d/lp
>     ># ls -l ` cat /tmp/files `
>     lrwxrwxr-x  1 root  bin  1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc0.d/K20lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     lrwxrwxr-x  1 root  bin  1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc2.d/K20lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     lrwxrwxr-x  1 root  bin  1 Dec 29 23:39 /etc/rc2.d/S80lp -> ../../init.d/lp
>     -rwxr--r--  5 root  sys  460 Sep 1 1998 /etc/rcS.d/K39lp

> `

Modify the startup files so that they use the LPRng `lpd` executable:

> `

>     #!/sbin/sh
>     case "$1" in
>     'start')
>             [ -f /usr/local/bin/lpd ] && /usr/local/bin/lpd
>             ;;
>     'stop')
>         echo "Shutting down lpd: \c"
>         kill -2 `cat /var/run/lpd*` >/dev/null 2>1;
>             ;;

>     *)
>             echo "Usage: $0 { start | stop }"
>             exit 1
>     esac
>     exit 0

> `

## 4.11 Replacing UNIX SystemV lp, lpstat Printing Services

Many UNIX utilities in the Solaris and HP UNIX environment use the UNIX System V `lp` and `lpstat` programs. It is almost impossible to modify the programs themselves, as many are vintage software that is unsupported or which would be too costly to update.

In order to support these applications, LPRng provides simulation for the `lp`, `lpstat`, and `clean` commands.

The LPRng `lpstat` command is a modified version of the `lpq` command, and accepts the `lpstat` command line options and tries to return status in an `lpstat` format.

If the `lpr` program is invoked with the name `lp`, it will simulate the `lp` options. Finally, if the `lprm` program is invoked with the name `cancel`, it will simulate the `lp` options. This can be done by using symbolic links or copying the programs.

Note that many of the `vintage` applications have fully qualified paths to the `lp` and `lpstat` executables, so it will be necessary to copy them to the original program locations.

> `

>     # original - /usr/bin/lp
>     # original - /usr/bin/lpstat
>     cd /usr/local/bin
>     cp lpr /usr/bin/lp
>     cp lpstat /usr/bin/lpstat
>     cp lprm /usr/bin/cancel

> `

See the man pages for lp, lpstat, and cancel in the LPRng/man directory. Not all the functions of the original programs are supported and these man pages should be installed to replace the original lp, etc, man pages.

Next Previous Contents